Practice Test: Language Arts and History/Social Science (178)

Correct Response: A, Objective 001. The theme of the Wesselhoeft excerpt is expressed in the last line: "indeed it is a well-known fact that the more one has the more one wants, and that there are some who wish to possess the earth." The theme of the Bentham excerpt is also in the last line: "He that aims at too much, often loses all." Both themes focus on wanting more of a material thing: the farm animals wanting more land and the dog wanting the flesh it believes the other dog possesses. Response A is correct because the themes of both excerpts focus on the accumulation of things. Incorrect Response B refers to gluttony, which refers to greedy or excessive indulgence, often of food. While this matches the dog's situation, it does not match the situation of the farm animals. Incorrect Response C focuses on envy and hate. While envy and hate can motivate actions, the animals in the excerpts are primarily motivated by greed. Incorrect Response D refers to sharing, which is the opposite of what any of the animals in the excerpts choose to do.

Correct Response: A, Objective 001. Correct Response A requires the teacher to pre-teach terms, such as "rivulet" and "dropt," that were typical of the period in which the fables were written. This ensures that unfamiliar words will not prevent student comprehension and teaches students that language changes over time. Response B is incorrect because while the two fables are well suited for comparison, this is not the only value they have in a language arts lesson. Response C is incorrect because although the fables come from two different cultures, they do not necessarily represent cultural norms. Response D is incorrect because although it is good practice for a teacher to consider their students' interests when selecting material, it is more important for the teacher to make sure that the fables are presented with enough pre-teaching for students to understand them.

Correct Response: C, Objective 001. In a short story focused on the negative impacts of stressful life events, a protagonist's personality traits will be in the form of negative adjectives. Pessimistic, abrupt, and unpleasant (Correct Response C) are three adjectives with negative meanings or connotations. Response A is incorrect because although it includes unreliable, which is a negative adjective, it also includes quiet, which has a neutral connotation, and upbeat, which has a positive connotation. Response B is incorrect because it contains three adjectives with positive connotations. Response D is incorrect because although it includes one adjective with a negative connotation (dishonest), it also includes two positive adjectives (committed and creative).

Correct Response: A, Objective 001. The key phrases in this question are "analyze and critique" and "effectively evaluate the content." Response A is correct because it requires students to compare and contrast the content, which is a form of analysis. Asking students to track frequency of information or identify common aspects is list-making, not analysis or critique (Incorrect Responses B and D). Response C is incorrect because imitating another's technique does not require analysis or critique.

Correct Response: C, Objective 002. The passage follows a problem and solution structure (Correct Response C). The problem detailed at the start of the passage is that Guerrero's father did not make enough money to provide for the kind of life Guerrero's parents wanted their children to have. The parents' solution was moving the family to the United States. Response A is incorrect because the low paying job was one reason why the family moved to the United States; it did not singularly cause their move to the United States. Response B is incorrect because the passage does not detail the differences between life in Colombia and life in the United States. A chronological text structure (Incorrect Response D) would include transition words such as first, next, and then.

Correct Response: A, Objective 002. A search of the phrase "gold discovery" (Correct Response A) would yield numerous results about gold discovery, including discoveries of gold in California by James Marshall, who is credited with finding the gold that started the California Gold Rush. A "mill-race" (Incorrect Response B) is a canal or a current that drives a mill wheel. While searching for this term would produce some results about Marshall's discovery of gold, it would mostly produce results about mill-races in a variety of other contexts. Coloma (Incorrect Response C) is the city in California where Marshall discovered gold. Searching for this term would produce some results about Marshall's discovery of gold, though it would also produce information about Coloma unrelated to gold. James Marshall (Incorrect Response D) is credited with discovering gold in California. Searching for this term would produce some results about Marshall's discovery of gold, but it would also include results about other individuals named James Marshall.

Correct Response: D, Objective 002. Response D is correct because the author of the excerpt describes reasons why the Arctic Circle is different from other regions of the world. For example, he describes the region as inhospitable compared to the Tropic Zones and lacking separation between night and day due to the region's latitude. Response A is incorrect because the author describes the Tropic Zones as being easy, not difficult, to traverse. Response B is incorrect because although the author describes challenges one may encounter traveling the Arctic Circle, he does not state that it is impossible. Response C is incorrect because although the author states that one can sail the Tropic Zones "without experiencing a single impressive sensation," the focus of this excerpt is the Arctic Circle.

Correct Response: A, Objective 002. The question asks which sentence does not support Levitt's argument for buying a car. Sentence 1 (Correct Response A) references a buyer's previous car but does not mention a philosophy for buying a new car. Sentence 2 (Incorrect Response B) explains that reliability, a synonym of dependability, of a new car is very important to consider. Sentence 3 (Incorrect Response C) suggests that one should consult their motorist friends to determine the dependability of a car. Sentence 4 (Incorrect Response D) implies that while it may be tempting to purchase a cheap car, it is worth it to spend more money on a dependable car that will not require multiple repairs.

Correct Response: C, Objective 002. The excerpt describes boiling, mashing, and/or mixing a plant with other substances to create a poultice to be applied to wounds, ulcers, or cuts. It can be inferred that this application would be used to reduce pain (Correct Response C). The excerpt does not mention temperature regulation (Incorrect Response A) as a benefit of applying a poultice to a wound, ulcer, or cut. The excerpt focuses on using a poultice to treat medical ailments, not to aid in household cooking. Additionally, a poultice is described as a concoction, not as an herb (Incorrect Response B). An abscess (Incorrect Response D) is a wound, whereas a poultice is a treatment.

Correct Response: B, Objective 003. A concluding statement should summarize the main idea in an essay. Response B is correct because it summarizes two main reasons to compost. Additionally, the phrase "In other words" is common to include in a concluding statement. Response A is incorrect because although it encourages the reader to consider the benefits of composting, it does not re-state these benefits. Response C is incorrect because although the creation of nutrient-rich soil for gardening is a benefit of composting, it is not as large a benefit of helping the environment by reducing landfill waste. Response D is incorrect because the word "additionally" implies that the writer is introducing new material, not summarizing the main idea of the essay.

Correct Response: D, Objective 003. The conversation between Person A and Person B shows frustration ("I can't believe you weren't there") and animosity ("You're acting like a child"), creating a conflict (Correct Response D). The excerpt includes lines for two characters, Person A and Person B, and does not include lines for a narrator (Incorrect Response A). Although it could be implied that Person A is upset that Person B missed an event, no details of an event are included in the excerpt (Incorrect Response B). Although Person A and Person B are in conflict with one another, there is no clear antagonist or protagonist in the excerpt (Incorrect Response C).

Correct Response: C, Objective 003. The student's research paragraph includes a quotation that is not cited. This demonstrates a need for the student to receive instruction in citing sources accurately and responsibly (Correct Response C). The student includes a quote that is relevant to the research paragraph's topic. It is not necessary to consult multiple sources to write such a brief paragraph (Incorrect Response A). The information in the research paragraph is factual, and so skills for evaluating for reliability and bias are not likely important (Incorrect Response B). The paragraph has a focused subject, so it is likely that the student had no difficulty developing a research question (Incorrect Response D).

Correct Response: B, Objective 003. An adverb modifies a verb. Correct Response B places the verb "quietly" in front of the verb "read" to describe how the librarian would like people in the library to read. Incorrect Responses A, C, and D each contain adverbs, but they are not modifying verbs. The adverb "briefly" in A, the adverb "quickly" in C, and the adverb "arrogantly" in D are all misplaced and distort their sentences' meanings.

Correct Response: A, Objective 003. A colon can be used immediately before a list or to connect two independent clauses (standalone sentences). If being used prior to a list, the list following the colon may be a dependent clause, but the clause prior to the colon must always be independent. Response A is correct for two reasons: the first clause ("There were three different types of fruit") is an independent clause, and a colon is used immediately before the list of fruits. Responses B and C are incorrect because the first clauses are not independent. Response D is incorrect because the second clause is neither a list nor an independent clause.

Correct Response: A, Objective 003. Response A is correct because the student's comment is evidence that they are engaging with another student's free write and providing them with suggested edits. Response B is incorrect because while the student is providing suggested edits and revisions, they are not actively making changes to the other student's free write. Response C is incorrect because brainstorming and planning would require thinking of new ideas and how to implement them. The student's comment does not exemplify these processes. Response D is incorrect because while the student could have simply rewritten the free write to remove errors, they are instead suggesting edits for the original author to make.

Correct Response: D, Objective 003. The key phrase in the question is "negative impacts of coastal erosion." Correct Response D is written in cause-and-effect form and emphasizes shifts in inland populations and the availability of local resources, which are negative impacts of coastal erosion. Incorrect Response A provides a definition of coastal erosion but does not discuss its effects. Incorrect Responses B and C discuss coastal changes but do not directly discuss erosion.

Correct Response: A, Objective 004. A debate entails presenting factual evidence supporting one side of an argument (Correct Response A). Incorrect Response B may mislead students into devoting equal amounts of time to preparing both sides of an argument. Incorrect Response C focuses only on the closing statement, which would happen long after students develop their initial argument. Incorrect Response D is inaccurate as it invites students to include their opinions when effective arguments in debates should be fact-based.

Correct Response: C, Objective 004. The topic of the lecture is the use of wind turbines on Cape Cod. Wind turbines are an alternative energy source that do not produce carbon emissions. The use of fossil fuels as an energy source creates carbon emissions, which negatively impact the environment. Response C is correct because the student question is about carbon emissions and is evidence that the student has internalized that they have agency to change their behavior to decrease carbon emissions. Incorrect Response A is not appropriate to ask during a college lecture and would be a more appropriate question for a private conversation with the professor. Incorrect Response B is related to climate change but not to energy sources such as wind turbines, which is the topic of the lecture. Incorrect Response D is a student question that demonstrates care for the environment, but building a wind turbine on a college campus is most likely not possible for students to accomplish.

Correct Response: D, Objective 004. Response D is correct because utilizing graphs and charts would likely help the listener's comprehension, as sharing numerical data visually makes it more digestible for most. Incorrect Responses A, B, and C are all techniques that can improve a presentation and help keep listeners engaged, but pauses, facial features, and tone and volume are techniques that do not directly support the comprehension of numerical data.

Correct Response: D, Objective 004. The key phrase in the question is "accurately summarize." Response D is correct because it includes key information from the passage that does not misrepresent Vikings. Incorrect Response A misrepresents information about the Vikings by claiming that they would "collect money." Incorrect Response B is vague. It could be improved by including details about the time period and specifics about what the Vikings were seeking and why. Incorrect Response C does not directly name Vikings and inaccurately states that most of Europe was under attack by pirates.

Correct Response: A, Objective 005. Scarcity is a core concept in economics describing the fundamental limitation of resources that requires people and societies to make choices about how to use those resources. Response A is correct because it describes a situation involving limitations in the ability to produce goods that people wish they could have in superabundance. Response B is incorrect because it describes a new way of producing goods without acknowledging the underlying limits in the ability to produce them. Response C is incorrect because it describes an overproduction without considering how the choice to produce those goods will be accompanied by a lower production of other goods. Response D is incorrect because it does not illustrate limited resources.

Correct Response: B, Objective 005. Response B is correct because it describes a concerted effort by consumers to change a company's behavior by declining to purchase the company's products. Responses A and C are incorrect because a boycott is a political act that goes beyond the ordinary expression of consumers' choices among products based on price or product differentiation. Response D is incorrect because boycotts rarely have the objective of influencing new product development.

Correct Response: D, Objective 005. Response D is correct because it describes the most overwhelming threat to peoples' safety and security, which would likely rise to the level of a forced migration. Responses A and B are incorrect because while they describe push factors that motivate human migration, both responses lack the element of coercion required in cases of forced migration. Response C is incorrect because rapid economic change can cause dislocations that serve as push factors or pull factors for migration, but these circumstances lack the coercion that is a defining element of forced migration.

Correct Response: B, Objective 005. Response B is correct because, as far back as the first century, Buddhism began spreading from northern India via missionaries and merchants along trade routes including the Indian Ocean, eventually reaching Southeast Asia. Response A is incorrect because, although mass migration occurred at various times in the region, for example in nineteenth-century India under British rule when over 20 million Indians migrated to the southeast Asia, it was not the main cause of the earlier diffusion of Buddhism. Response C is incorrect because, although in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries many European countries colonized parts of southeast Asia, colonization was not a primary cause of the spread of Buddhism in the region. Response D is incorrect because, although parts of southeast Asia were forcibly controlled by Chinese and European powers, military conquest was not a main cause of Buddhism extending from India to the region in the ninth century CE C E .

Correct Response: D, Objective 005. Response D is correct because the Connecticut River is known for its abundance of silt carried along its waters and deposited along its banks to create rich soil. Response A is incorrect because eastern Massachusetts receives more rain than other regions in the state. Response B is incorrect because the Berkshires are part of the larger Appalachian Mountain range. Response C is incorrect because southeastern Massachusetts is marked by mostly lower elevation along the Atlantic Ocean.

Correct Response: B, Objective 005. Response B is correct because the prime meridian is a line of longitude, running from the North Pole to the South Pole, that is marked as 0 degrees longitude and separates the eastern and western hemispheres. Each subsequent line of longitude is then marked as a degree counting away from the 0 degree prime meridian. Response A is incorrect because it describes the lines of latitude known as the Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer. Response C is incorrect because it describes the line of latitude found at 0 degrees known as the Equator. Response D is incorrect because, although the prime meridian is a line of longitude, and therefore a special kind of great circle, this concept is less specific than Response B.

Correct Response: B, Objective 005. Response B is correct because the tree pictured, the bald cypress, is recognizable as being typical of the swamplands and bayous of Louisiana and some other Southeastern states. Responses A, C, and D are incorrect because these other regions lack the type of climate zone or biome that would feature the vegetation shown in the image.

Correct Response: D, Objective 006. Response D is correct because Callender claims that it was God's "providential" will that caused "the aboriginal natives, by famine, sword and pestilence, destroyed and wasted away by millions" to make way for the Europeans. Response A is incorrect because Callender's claim focuses on North America, likely New England as the title suggests. Response B is incorrect because, although there is a heavy religious element to his writing, there is no mention of conversion of Native Peoples to Christianity. Response C is incorrect because there is no mention of governments or formal trade in this excerpt.

Correct Response: A, Objective 009. Response A is correct because Metacomet (son of Massasoit) was a Wampanoag chief in 17th century New England and had firsthand experience, and conflict, with European colonists. Responses B and C are incorrect because Roger Williams and John Smith would provide students with a similar perspective to Callender's. Response D is incorrect because, although Massasoit (Metacomet's father) could provide a non-European perspective to offset Callender's, Massasoit's alliance with the Plymouth Colony against the Narragansett would likely emphasize a pro-European narrative.

Correct Response: D, Objective 006. Response D is correct because maize was developed up to 10,000 years ago in what is now southern Mexico and quickly became a staple crop in the region. Response A is incorrect because most early agriculture in East Asia relied on the growing of millet. Response B is incorrect because most early agriculture in Southeast Asia relied on the growing of rice. Response C is incorrect because most early agriculture in the Middle East relied on the growing of wheat and barley.

Correct Response: B, Objective 006. Response B is correct because the Swahili, or "people of the coast" in Arabic, engaged in a lucrative and prolonged trade network with societies bordering the Indian Ocean and beyond, resulting in the presence of Chinese goods like pottery on Swahili lands. Response A is incorrect because there was no permanent settlement of Chinese people along the Swahili coast. Response C is incorrect because, although Buddhist missionaries may have traveled to the Swahili coast, any such contact was minimal and would not result in a large amount of Chinese pottery left behind. Response D is incorrect because Chinese merchant activity in Africa in previous centuries did not extend to the establishment of manufacturing facilities.

Correct Response: A, Objective 006. Response A is correct because the excerpt describes how Puruşa's body was divided, which reflected the way in which the entire ancient Indian society was organized. Each portion of Puruşa named in the excerpt represents a social caste of India, directly linking the caste system to ancient cultural traditions. Response B is incorrect because religious rituals like those described in the Rig Veda upheld and strengthened the stratified social order. Response C is incorrect because the Rig Veda predated classical India, a time when Buddhism and increased urbanization pushed back against traditional Hindu guidelines. Response D is incorrect because the social structure reinforced by this excerpt from the Rig Veda offers a simple social structure rather than one characterized by diversity.

Correct Response: A, Objective 006. Response A is correct because the diets of early civilizations of Mesoamerica did revolve around corn, beans, and squash, while diets in ancient China and East Asia centered on millet and rice. Responses B, C, and D are incorrect because domestication of animals, fabrication of metal tools, and utilization of long-distance trade networks were common to civilizations in both regions.

Correct Response: C, Objective 006. Response C is correct because the physical geography of the southern Balkan Peninsula made the creation of maritime trading networks necessary and beneficial during both the Mycenaean and Classical periods of Greek history. Response A is incorrect because, while both societies had sections of their cities that were heavily fortified citadels, the Classical Greek communities often expanded beyond these walls. Response B is incorrect because, although the literary tradition of Classical Greece was highly advanced, Mycenaean Greece was not known for this literary tradition. Response D is incorrect because Mycenaean Greece was characterized by states governed by kings and a warrior class of elites.

Correct Response: D, Objective 006. Response D is correct because festivals like Crépissage bring community members together to celebrate and take part in a meaningful exercise for those attending. Response A is incorrect because there is no clear indication that the festival of Crépissage has been directly connected to the exercise of political power in Mali. Response B is incorrect because the repairs done during Crépissage reveal that this type of mud brick architecture is not particularly durable. Response C is incorrect because the maintenance of the Great Mosque, required by environmental conditions, is more of a ritualized cultural event than a technological engineering feat.

Correct Response: D, Objective 006. Response D is correct because ruins like these, from Chaco Canyon or surrounding areas, show evidence of complex pre-Colombian Puebloan societies thought to predate European contact by several centuries. The structures shown in the image indicate sophisticated architecture and the need for highly productive agriculture to support a substantial population. Response A is incorrect because this source suggests people living close to each other, often sharing spaces. Response B is incorrect because the geography of this region, more so than any degree of contact with the Maya or Inca, influenced their use of materials and customs. Response C is incorrect because, although this is a possible explanation for the collapse of the early Puebloan society, this image does not provide enough evidence to support it.

Correct Response: D, Objective 007. Response D is correct because as a powerful colonial leader, George Washington enforced the continuation of slavery on his own property, as evidenced by this announcement. Response A is incorrect because there is no mention of planned sabotage or rebellion by enslaved people in this excerpt. Response B is incorrect because the existence of this announcement suggests that enslaved people who fled were at least occasionally captured. Response C is incorrect because this excerpt only shows the views of one colonial leader, not various viewpoints.

Correct Response: A, Objective 007. Response A is correct because, knowing there may be rewards given to others for their capture, and likely punishment, enslaved people still tried to escape their enslavement. Response B is incorrect because, although the Underground Railroad became a method of escape for many enslaved people later in the 18th and into the 19th century, there is no mention of this network in the excerpt. Response C is incorrect because there is no reference to any antislavery activists in the excerpt. Response D is incorrect because the Fugitive Slave Act was not enacted until 1850, long after George Washington penned this announcement.

Correct Response: A, Objective 007. Response A is correct because the Mohican/Stockbridge lived and still live in regions that are now the far western edge of New England, the Nipmuc in the area that is now central Massachusetts, and the Wampanoag in the southeastern corner of New England. Response B is incorrect because the Narragansett and Abenaki/Wabanaki lived and still live mainly in what is now Rhode Island and Maine, respectively. Response C is incorrect because the Narragansett and Mohican/Stockbridge lived and still live primarily in what is now Rhode Island and the region marked as 1, respectively. Response D is incorrect because the Abenaki/Wabanaki and Nipmuc lived and still live primarily in what is now Maine and the region marked as 2, respectively.

Correct Response: D, Objective 007. Response D is correct because the economic model of the Triangular Trade benefitted the merchant class and owners of ships used in several segments of the trade network. Response A is incorrect because Spanish ships rarely visited New England ports. Response B is incorrect because merchants typically fought against any increased restrictions on their trading business. Response C is incorrect because, although some merchants specialized in the sale of lumber and raw materials, most of their sales were to Europe rather than to southern colonies, which engaged in little manufacturing.

Correct Response: C, Objective 007. Response C is correct because the excerpt reflects growing discontent of colonists facing "a duty imposed without their consent" by the British government, specifically the Tea Act. Response A is incorrect because the colonists were protesting their "taxation without representation" more than a direct economic burden that households would have trouble affording to pay. Response B is incorrect because the colonists were protesting their "taxation without representation" above any sort of unequal treatment among colonies. Response D is incorrect because, at this point in colonial history, the region was already integrated into Britain's imperial economy, yet the colonists themselves still lacked representation in British government.

Correct Response: A, Objective 007. Response A is correct because Truth is best remembered for her "Ain't I a Woman?" speech at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention, representing her viewpoint as an intersection between the Abolition and Women's Suffrage movements. Response B is incorrect because, although Truth escaped from enslavement, she did not conduct formal raids into southern states to help other enslaved people. Response C is incorrect because Truth focused on writing speeches and memoirs, not works of fiction. Response D is incorrect because, although Truth's words were sometimes printed in anti-slavery newspapers, she did not publish her own newspaper.

Correct Response: C, Objective 007. Response C is correct because as territory expanded westward, the Fugitive Slave Act included in the Compromise of 1850 intensified the issue of enslavement, especially in Congress and among abolitionists. Response A is incorrect because the nullification controversy, in some ways a precursor to the Civil War, was a feature of U.S. politics primarily in the 1820's  18 twenties  and 1830's  18 thirties . Response B is incorrect because, although the Supreme Court's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford involved the issue of unequal civil rights, this issue was not as central to the controversies of the 1850's  18 fifties  as was the fate of slavery in Western territories and new states. Response D is incorrect because the battle of Fort Sumter, the first engagement of the Civil War, occurred in April 1861 and was not an issue of the 1850's  18 fifties  that contributed to the Civil War.

Correct Response: C, Objective 007. Response C is correct because the women's movement of the nineteenth century and early 20th century focused primarily on women's suffrage, while the later movement sought to assert women as equals in the workplace and larger society. Responses A, B, and D are incorrect because they were common themes in both women's movements.

Correct Response: D, Objective 008. Response D is correct because the excerpt summarizes the distinct separation of the judicial and legislative branches of the government formed under the U.S. Constitution. Response A is incorrect because the excerpt does not summarize a strong central federal government. Responses B and C are incorrect because the excerpt does not summarize a government grounded in popular sovereignty in which the people directly or indirectly govern.

Correct Response: A, Objective 008. Response A is correct because this excerpt provides an early argument for a separate judiciary, prior to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Response B is incorrect because Hamilton does not provide specific or opposing viewpoints on democratic governance in this excerpt. Response C is incorrect because, although Alexander Hamilton wrote this essay under a pseudonym, this small excerpt does not provide a robust lens into Hamilton's life. Response D is incorrect because there is no clear connection between the American Revolution and the economy in this excerpt.

Correct Response: A, Objective 008. Response A is correct because this describes the right of everyone to practice the religion of their choice without government infringement. Response B is incorrect because this clause from Article IV describes protections of citizenship and against discrimination of out-of-state people when traveling across state lines. Response C is incorrect because this describes a power of the president of the United States, not a right of individual citizens. Response D is incorrect because this describes a power of the Supreme Court, a small group of individuals, not a right of all citizens.

Correct Response: C, Objective 008. Response C is correct because each resident present, regardless of any demographic marker, can participate in the conversation and decision making of the open town meeting. Responses A, B, and D are incorrect because they all involve some sort of representative or council-based democracy, in which residents vote for individuals to represent them, not direct voting on issues by constituents.

Correct Response: C, Objective 008. Response C is correct because the most prominent fault of the Articles of Confederation that politicians aimed to tackle in the new Constitution was the lack of power given to the federal government for collecting taxes, regulating trade, and dealing with foreign powers. Response A is incorrect because, although there were differences of opinion and needs in political figures at the times, sometimes based on their home state, this was not a driving force in replacing the Articles of Confederation. Response B is incorrect because states' rights gave way to more federal oversight under the Constitution, by design. Response D is incorrect because the Articles of Confederation addressed future land acquisition but the Constitution pointedly did not.

Correct Response: C, Objective 008. Response C is correct because, since Roosevelt lowered the age of the draft during WWII, protests over being "Old enough to fight, old enough to vote" took hold and reignited during the Vietnam War, ultimately leading to the quickly ratified amendment. Response A is incorrect because, although unions collaborate and sometimes protect their members during elections, labor unions were not the leading cause of the passage of the Twenty-Sixth Amendment. Response B is incorrect because, although child labor had not vanished by the time of the Twenty-Sixth Amendment, it was not a topic at the top of public awareness after legislation to curtail it was put in place in 1938. Response D is incorrect because there is no connection between voting age and driving age.

Correct Response: C, Objective 008. Response C is correct because Bates' use of recognizable, yet general, descriptions of an ideal landscape and community of people offered a channel for those living in the U.S. to take pride in their country. Responses A and B are incorrect because, although there are references to these concepts of American civic life elsewhere in the song, these specific lyrics do not refer to liberty or equality. Response D is incorrect because there is no direct link between these lyrics and the U.S. Constitution.

Correct Response: A, Objective 008. Response A is correct because, while women can serve in the armed forces, only men are required to register for a military draft. Responses B and D are incorrect because no U.S. citizens are required to vote in elections or contribute to their communities. Response C is incorrect because social security accounts are required for working in the U.S. and are not dependent on a specific gender or age range.

Correct Response: A, Objective 008. Response A is correct because a basic purpose of democratic government is to promote the general welfare by protecting individual liberties and securing an environment in which the wants and needs of people can be satisfied. For many democratic governments this can take the form of directly providing goods and services such as public education and other social services. With or without directly providing public goods and services, democratic governments aim to advance the common good. Response B is incorrect because establishing a moral code that applies to everyone would almost certainly violate the rights and liberties of some of those citizens. Response C is incorrect because, although most democratic governments do regulate some forms of economic activity, any attempt to control the economy would require the use of coercive practices at odds with fundamental democratic values. Response D is incorrect because most modern democratic governments also create some type of bureaucratic apparatus. Their reason for doing so, however, is not to further democracy but to enhance the operation of government.

Correct Response: B, Objective 009. Response B is correct because historians rely on written works, oral traditions, and archaeological evidence from the past to form their analysis and theories. In this specific case, Ghana engaged with the rest of the African continent primarily through trade in gold and iron. Responses A, C, and D are incorrect because they focus on other aspects of Ghanaian society but lack the inter-cultural element found in the correct response.

Correct Response: B, Objective 009. Response B is correct because federal census reports would offer reliable and relevant information for this research topic. Responses A and C are incorrect because they are not the most relevant to this research topic. Response D is incorrect because using recent newspaper articles rather than primary sources does not provide an opportunity to model techniques for conducting historical research.

Correct Response: B, Objective 009. Response B is correct because the painting was created over 2000 years after the event it is portraying, making it subject to inaccuracies or potential bias if used as a sole piece of evidence. Response A is incorrect because historians are not likely to focus on the methods and medium of the artist, as the methods and medium do not affect the source's usefulness to historians. Response C is incorrect because modern historians would likely not be trying to determine the location of the meeting of the Decemvirs by using this painting. Response D is incorrect because the lack of diversity may be something a historian notes about this painting, but it would not be a limiting factor in their analysis.

Correct Response: C, Objective 009. Response C is correct because maps showing historical "redlining" would be crucial in investigating the resulting health effects associated with living in and out of these "red" zones. Responses A, B, and D are incorrect because, although they might be helpful data for the author, they do not directly inform the information in this excerpt.

Correct Response: A, Objective 009. Response A is correct because the sources use phrases like "establishment of cooperative working relations" and "peaceful purposes" regarding the international community's involvement in exploration of space and Antarctica. Response B is incorrect because this response states the opposite of the intention of the sources to prohibit or strongly restrict occupation of these places. Response C is incorrect because the sources do not exclusively deal with space. Response D is incorrect because the goals evident in the sources were to forbid or minimize territorial claims in space and in Antarctica.

Correct Response: D, Objective 009. Response D is correct because it provides students with primary sources that can support historical empathy and meaningful academic discussion. Response A is incorrect because, although these graphs may be helpful in supporting student understanding of the topic, they are not likely to prompt historical empathy or authentic discussion. Response B is incorrect because a news article is not likely to honestly approach the realities of discrimination if its focus is on the relatively technical subject of visa requirements. Response C is incorrect because a timeline of victories would necessarily focus on multiple historical periods but would focus on successes rather than the breadth and depth of discrimination.

Correct Response: B, Objective 009. Response B is correct because the term "exotic" has various connotations that have changed throughout history and offers insights into implicit bias for students. Responses A, C, and D are incorrect because, while any of the articles might contain bias within their text or subtext, the titles of these three articles are relatively straightforward and do not suggest an immediate prejudice in the author.