Practice Test: History/Social Science (73)

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Question Number	Your Response	Correct Response (show answershide answers)	Related Objectives and Rationale (show objectives & rationaleshide objectives & rationales)
1	Answer to question 1	B	Objective 001 Response B is correct because one of the legacies of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi, founder of the Qin dynasty, was ending a centuries-long interval known as the Warring States Period. The state of Qin sequentially conquered and absorbed the other six significant states to create a single state encompassing much of the center and north of China's present borders. Response A is incorrect because Chinese merchant outposts are known to have been established along the Silk Road in Central Asia later during the Han Dynasty. Response C is incorrect because, although small parts of Manchuria and Korea were within Qin borders, the Qin Dynasty did not control the majority of these regions. Response D is incorrect because the earliest known canals linking northern and southern China were built later during the Sui Dynasty, and other sections were worked on repeatedly throughout subsequent centuries.
2	Answer to question 2	B	Objective 001 Response B is correct because Mongol rulers built many roads, lowered taxes for merchants, and increased the circulation and backing of paper money to encourage trade across Eurasia, which led to cultural exchange as traders from different backgrounds came into contact with each other. Responses A and D are incorrect because, for the most part, Mongol rulers allowed their subjects to practice whatever religion and use whatever local writing system they wanted. Response C is incorrect because the Mongols built off existing trade routes in southwest Asia, even offering some incentives for Persian and Arab merchants to continue their work.
3	Answer to question 3	A	Objective 001 Response A is correct because the indigenous Arawak, historical enemies with longstanding feuds with the Carib people, created a system of sustained soil amending to make fertile soil of northern South America and neighboring Caribbean islands. Responses B and C are incorrect because, although the early societies of Huetar and Miskito peoples were located along the southern Caribbean Sea, they had neither notable agricultural productivity nor enmity with the Carib people. Response D is incorrect because the Nazca lived along the western border of South America.
4	Answer to question 4	C	Objective 001 Response C is correct because this excerpt from the decree focuses on the many deities of the far-reaching and culturally diverse territories of the Persian Empire. Responses A and D are incorrect because, although they are historically accepted as true, they are not the focus of this excerpt. Response B is incorrect because, although Zoroastrianism was the Persian state religion at the time of Cyrus the Great, it was not typically imposed on people from elsewhere in the empire.
5	Answer to question 5	D	Objective 001 Response D is correct because people were captured, sold to merchants, and enslaved following conflicts in Northern and Sub-Saharan Africa and along the Eastern Mediterranean. Responses A, B, and C are incorrect because, although all three of these practices were used in ancient Mediterranean societies, none of these methods provided the largest source of enslaved people to the region.
6	Answer to question 6	D	Objective 001 Response D is correct because regional farming of various crops, and the accompanying specialization of new craftsmanship professions, allowed for unprecedented exchange of items, ideas, and skills in the Neolithic Age. Response A is incorrect because an increase in overall food supply in the Neolithic Age allowed for a larger population at the family and community level. This also allowed for increased social differentiation (Incorrect Response C) as not all humans had to focus on finding food in their day-to-day. Response B is incorrect because agriculture requires a mostly sedentary lifestyle, a shift from the nomadic life of many humans prior to the Neolithic Revolution.
7	Answer to question 7	B	Objective 001 Response B is correct because Hinduism reinforced a strict caste system, which instituted social hierarchy and restricted movement within society. Response A is incorrect because Hindu beliefs about the physical environment—for example, that the natural world is divine and animate—were not exclusive to Hinduism in early Indian history. Response C is incorrect because guidelines for economic transactions are not key elements of Hinduism, nor did they have the most influence on early Indian society. Response D is incorrect because, although many early Indian rulers promoted and spread Hinduism, the existence of ethical codes on the conduct of rulers was not the most influential effect of Hinduism.
8	Answer to question 8	D	Objective 001 Response D is correct because the large-scale engineering projects undertaken by the Romans—including roads, aqueducts, and dams among others—far exceeded the accomplishments of the Greeks in these areas. Response A is incorrect because Greek thinkers were very prominent in developing treatises on ethics, politics, and many other branches of philosophy that have had enduring influence on Western societies, including on the Romans. Response B is incorrect because Greek physicians, beginning with Asclepius and including Hippocrates and Galen, established the basics of medical science that would endure in the Western world until about the fourteenth century. Response C is incorrect because Greek historians, starting with Herodotus and Thucydides, pioneered the systematic writing of history based on factual evidence.
9	Answer to question 9	D	Objective 002 Response D is correct because crops not widely found in Europe prior to the "Columbian Exchange"—such as sugar, tobacco, and corn—were exported from the Americas into Europe at this time. Response A is incorrect because much of the "Columbian Exchange" was centered around making the most money off the land, in many cases to the detriment of the soil and surrounding environment. Response B is incorrect because, although the "Columbian Exchange" would have provided more raw materials, like cotton, to Europe, the overall clothing styles were not greatly impacted by this triangular trade. Response C is incorrect because the exchange of animals, like pigs and horses, was more one-sided, going from Europe to the Americas.
10	Answer to question 10	A	Objective 002 Response A is correct because Islamic rulers such as Ahmed III and Shah 'Abbas encouraged and funded the building of highly decorated mosques and facilities to advance the production of textiles and ceramic pottery. Response B is incorrect because, although Sufi missionaries would have played some role in spreading Islamic arts and learning throughout and beyond the empires, their main purpose was to create converts to the religion. Response C is incorrect because overland trade along the Silk Road was not interrupted significantly before the establishment of these three empires. Response D is incorrect because, although European artistic techniques were incorporated, the arts and learning from these three empires remained unique and flourished in their own right.
11	Answer to question 11	C	Objective 002 Response C is correct because the excerpt shows that Rousseau was asking readers to see a distinction between legitimate expressions of "the general will" derived from the state and the illegitimate "particular will" of the prince or government. This tended to give revolutionaries reason to question the French and other monarchies and their lack of accountability to the people in regard to an implied social contract. Response A is incorrect because, although financial hardship was an element leading particularly to the French Revolution, this excerpt does not address the financial aspect directly. Response B is incorrect because although Rousseau warns of the vanishing "social union" and dissolution of the "body politic," he does not advocate for the dissolution of state-supported social hierarchies in this excerpt. Response D is incorrect because the excerpt does not directly address the concept of suffrage, nor its expansion to groups of people who didn't own property.
12	Answer to question 12	A	Objective 002 Response A is correct because these two historical events resulted in the replacement of a Catholic monarch with a Protestant monarch who was made to give up power to the people and Parliament via new laws and policies. Responses B and C are incorrect because, although they were results of these two historical events in the history of the United Kingdom, they were not the central goals of its leaders. Response D is incorrect because the merchant class was among the groups of proponents for limiting monarchical power, allowing for more personal wealth accumulation as a result.
13	Answer to question 13	A	Objective 002 Response A is correct because the signal accomplishment of Copernicus was his proposition of a heliocentric model of the solar system, replacing the older intuitive view that the heavenly bodies revolve around the Earth. Response B is incorrect because Copernicus did not work in the field of mathematical physics, and because he died 99 years before Newton was born. Response C is incorrect because Copernicus did not work in the field of biology. Response D is incorrect because Copernicus did not work in the field of magnetism and electricity, which was not an active field of inquiry during his lifetime.
14	Answer to question 14	B	Objective 002 Response B is correct because Muslim scholars in cities including Toledo and Baghdad were very active in translating and elaborating ancient Greek texts, some of which were largely forgotten in Christian Europe. Response A is incorrect because Islamic civilizations did not pose a direct military threat to the Italian peninsula during the Early and High Renaissance. Response C is incorrect because printing technology arose independently in western Europe, without having been transmitted across Eurasia from its original birthplace in East Asia. Response D is incorrect because, although competition between the two faiths often took the form of active military confrontation, most prominently during the Crusades, competition for religious converts was not central to the origins of the European Renaissance.
15	Answer to question 15	C	Objective 002 Response C is correct because the excerpt cites evidence of agricultural productivity in the form of high population density, large public squares, and "all kinds of merchandise that the world affords," including many diverse agricultural products. Response A is incorrect because the social and political status of merchants is not described in the excerpt and might not correspond to their importance within the commercial economy. Response B is incorrect because, although many of the diverse goods in the marketplace likely had come from far away, there is no indication in the excerpt that revenue from trade underpinned Aztec power. Response D is incorrect because the excerpt describes economic activity occurring at a high level without providing evidence about social mobility.
16	Answer to question 16	D	Objective 002 Response D is correct because with the phrase "Thus matter stood in France—thus in St. Domingo," the excerpt states a parallelism between the two places. What the excerpt states to be parallel were a "faith in Democracy" and a determination of people characterized jointly as "slaves" to be no longer "despotised by a dynasty." Response A is incorrect because race-based slavery did not exist at scale in France, while it formed the entire basis of the society in St. Domingo. Response B is incorrect because the reference in the excerpt to taxation applies specifically to France, while issues of taxation were very minor in St. Domingo compared to the totality of the slavery-based social structure. Response C is incorrect because the reference in the excerpt to "the waves of bayonets which bristled on her borders" applies only to the situation in France.
17	Answer to question 17	D	Objective 003 Response D is correct because under Ferdinand and Isabella, known as "the Catholic Monarchs" of Spain, the Jewish population was systematically persecuted, segregated, and eventually, in 1492, expelled from Spain. This was done on specifically religious grounds and forms part of the history of the emergence of race-based anti-Semitism in subsequent centuries. Response A is incorrect because an understanding of the Gospels will make clear that Jesus's teachings were not anti-Semitic. Response B is incorrect because historians often speak of a golden age of Jewish culture in Spain encompassing the eighth to tenth centuries. During this time the Umayyad Dynasty ruled the government, while much of the population remained Christian, and the Jewish population was generally thought to be free of the kind of oppression that often characterized the Jewish experience in other parts of Europe. Response C is incorrect because, although Pope Urban II is best remembered for having initiated the First Crusade to fight the Seljuk Turks for control of the Eastern Mediterranean area, and these events generated persecution against Jewish people in many parts of Europe, a study of the text of Urban's pronouncements would find no references to anti-Jewish policies or practices.
18	Answer to question 18	C	Objective 003 Response C is correct because both groups promoted the idea that stronger nations rightfully should use any means necessary to maintain political power and global position. Response A is incorrect because German National Socialists were initially in opposition to large industrial corporations, opting to side with small business owners and workers. Response B is incorrect because Italian Fascists, although disappointed with land redistribution terms from the Treaty of Versailles, did not make it as much of a focal point of their campaign as the German National Socialists did. Response D is incorrect because, while German National Socialists embraced the idea that the German race was superior to all others, the Italian Fascists were less impacted by racist ideology.
19	Answer to question 19	B	Objective 003 Response B is correct because Secretary of State Marshall created the Economic Recovery Act, nicknamed the Marshall Plan, which provided over 10 billion dollars to war-torn western European countries to get them back into global markets. Responses A, C, and D are incorrect because they were not aims of the Marshall Plan, yet in some cases were achieved under other postwar doctrines.
20	Answer to question 20	B	Objective 003 Response B is correct because the food surpluses in the eighteenth century allowed for an unprecedented number of people who were not needed for agricultural work to subsequently move to British cities, spurring the Industrial Revolution. Response A is incorrect because England's rural population dwindled due to commercial agriculture replacing many smaller family-owned farms. Response C is incorrect because the price of grain dropped due to the abundance of the crop being grown within the United Kingdom. Response D is incorrect because, although English landowners held many of the positions of power in both the House of Lords and the House of Commons, this was the case both before and after the agricultural revolution.
21	Answer to question 21	B	Objective 003 Response B is correct because the state-run command economy of the Chinese Communist Party beginning in 1949 began shifting to more a mixed economy with growing consumerism and private enterprise, beginning most specifically in 1978 with the "reform and opening up" policies of paramount leader Deng Xiaoping and accelerating through the following two or three decades. Responses A and C are incorrect because the shifts that have taken place in the Chinese economy since Deng's rule have moved away, but not completely separated, from a strict command economy. Response D is incorrect because the pro-market reforms within the Chinese economy have been partial, with many important enterprises still owned or controlled by the state or the Communist Party, so it is not correct to say that China became a pure market economy.
22	Answer to question 22	B	Objective 003 Response B is correct because it quotes the "War Guilt Clause" of the Treaty of Versailles, which wholly blamed Germany and their allies for causing World War I, greatly impacting their military power, landholdings, and economic foothold. Responses A, C, and D are incorrect because, although the German nationalists were incensed by these sections of the Treaty, each of these sections derives from the fundamental attribution of war guilt to Germany.
23	Answer to question 23	B	Objective 003 Response B is correct because Vámbéry argues that European culture, via forceful imperialism, provides the "only means whereby the well-being, the progress, and the happiness, of the human race can be secured," an idea promoted by some social Darwinists claiming "survival of the fittest." Response A is incorrect because, although an uptick in Chinese nationalism had occurred around the turn of the twentieth century due to the Boxer Rebellion and the Sino-Japanese War, this excerpt does not reflect such sentiment. Response C is incorrect because even under European imperialism, many Asian economies remained successful in global markets. Response D is incorrect because Japan’s growing military strength stands in contrast to Vámbéry's argument of European superiority over countries in Asia.
24	Answer to question 24	B	Objective 013 Response B is correct because Kipling's poem is a well-known statement of the idea that Western countries had a moral obligation, or burden, to rule over non-white areas of the world and to help them by imposing Western civilization upon them, which can also be seen in Vámbéry's excerpt. Response A is incorrect because sepoys were natives of India who would not always be expected to advance the same views. Response C is incorrect because a statement against Western imperialism would be counter to the perspective of the passage. Response D is incorrect because the Boxer Rebellion was motivated by anti-colonialist, anti-Western sentiment, so a participant would very likely offer a perspective counter to that of the passage.
25	Answer to question 25	B	Objective 003 Response B is correct because a genocide is defined as the intentional destruction of an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group. Powell wrote in Excerpt 2 that it "was a coordinated effort" committed "against non-Arab villagers." Response A is incorrect because the number of victims, alone, is not the criterion that defines a genocide. Response C is incorrect because although official military forces can commit genocide, military participation is not what qualifies violence as genocide. Response D is incorrect because the form, timing, and location of the violence are not directly related to whether it qualifies as a genocide.
26	Answer to question 26	A	Objective 008 Response A is correct because the environmental change cited in Excerpt 1 is desertification, which is most commonly caused by overgrazing of livestock in areas where rainfall proves to be inadequate to sustain viable grasslands. The combination of Sudan's geography and its agricultural economy makes this a reasonable explanation for the desertification described in the passage. Responses B, C, and D are incorrect because these events, which might have contributed to desertification, are not events that occurred prior to the atrocities in Sudan.
27	Answer to question 27	C	Objective 003 Response C is correct because the pivotal event that transformed Japanese society between 1859 and 1909 was the Meiji Restoration of 1868. The excerpt describes the changes toward constitutional government, industrialization, and engagement with international commerce, as well as administrative and educational reforms, which were all made possible by the assertion of national authority by Emperor Meiji. Response A is incorrect because the Open Door Policy was an element of U.S. foreign policy regarding China, originating in 1899, and was not closely related to internal developments in Japan. Response B is incorrect because Manchukuo was the Japanese-controlled puppet state in Manchuria beginning in 1932, too late to be relevant to the developments described in the excerpt. Response D is incorrect because the Kamakura shogunate was the feudal military government of Japan in the years 1192 to 1333, much too early to be relevant to the developments described in the excerpt.
28	Answer to question 28	A	Objective 008 Response A is correct because the excerpt describes recent "rapid strides" in commerce and industry and in educational practices, among other social changes. The excerpt also states four times that these changes are "a boon conferred ... by foreign intercourse" or trade dealings with the rest of the world. Response B is incorrect because the main idea of the Meiji Restoration of the excerpt is that the ending of the feudal shogunate system was the impetus for cultural progress. Response C is incorrect because educational reforms were one of the effects of the larger set of changes rather than a necessary condition for them. Response D is incorrect because, although Japan's growing population was described at the outset of the excerpt, it was not cited as a cause of or condition for the other changes.
29	Answer to question 29	D	Objective 013 Response D is correct because Ōkuma's praise of foreign and specifically Western institutions on the course of recent Japanese societal development is most likely influenced by his own life experiences with those institutions. Exposure to European education could predispose him to have a favorable perception of Western-style policies and outlooks. Responses A, B, and C are incorrect because, although all of these excerpts express approval of aspects of recent changes in Japan, none of them includes the element of a connection between "Western institutions" and recent developments in Japan that would likely relate to Ōkuma's individual context and experience with European education.
30	Answer to question 30	A	Objective 004 Response A is correct because the habitat of North American bison was centered on the Great Plains, and the Native Peoples who lived there relied on bison for many of their essential needs. Response B is incorrect because the most notable form of political organization among Native Peoples was probably the Haudenosaunee Confederation in the Northeast. Response C is incorrect because the high degree of topographical and climatic diversity of California contributed to a low degree of cultural homogeneity across indigenous groups of the area in the seventeenth century. Response D is incorrect because pottery-making and the cultivation of crops like beans and squash are found in many indigenous groups around North America.
31	Answer to question 31	D	Objective 004 Response D is correct because the Intolerable Acts, implemented by the British in direct response to the Boston Tea Party, ignited more widespread protests and led to the convening of the First Continental Congress to formally petition against these Acts, and ultimately to push for independence. Responses A and B are incorrect because these developments were already happening prior to the Boston Tea Party, not because of it. Response C is incorrect because the Boston Tea Party did not yet mark a clear break of allegiance to the British crown; rather, the Boston Tea Party was part of a slow buildup of widespread grievances throughout the colonies leading to the push for independence.
32	Answer to question 32	D	Objective 004 Response D is correct because, especially prior to European contact, the Mississippians are notable in their construction of large earthen mounds found in various Mississippian cities, most famously in Cahokia. Response A is incorrect because many Mayan homes were in the tropical rainforests of Central America, built out of mud and stone with thatched roofs. Response B is incorrect because the Pueblo were known for their reliance on agriculture, not animal husbandry, with maize being their most prominent crop. Response C is incorrect because the Aztec Empire was composed mainly of larger cities, like Tenochtitlan, where large ceremonial pyramids were built.
33	Answer to question 33	A	Objective 004 Response A is correct because the transatlantic trade of enslaved Africans pitted existing and new West African rivals against each other, cleared out entire towns and villages, and left many areas in West Africa open for power grabbing. Response B is incorrect because Brazilian agricultural output, specifically in sugar, cotton, and coffee, increased with the availability of free slave labor. Response C is incorrect because the decline in Native populations in the Americas resulted from epidemic diseases rather than from the transatlantic slave trade. Response D is incorrect because English colonies were established in North America as proprietary colonies and/or chartered as royal colonies between 1607 and 1732 without being directly tied to influences arising from the transatlantic trade of enslaved Africans.
34	Answer to question 34	C	Objective 004 Response C is correct because commercial crops such as rice and indigo required even larger numbers of laborers, in this case enslaved people, than crops like tobacco grown in Virginia and Maryland. Response A is incorrect because indentured labor and forced labor from Native Peoples were not the primary sources of labor in the Chesapeake colonies. Response B is incorrect because any regional differences in the family structure of enslaved people did not account for the intensity of slavery in Georgia and South Carolina. Response D is incorrect because Maryland and Virginia continued to produce agricultural products such as tobacco, whereas manufacturing occurred at a very minimal level in that area.
35	Answer to question 35	D	Objective 004 Response D is correct because the Battle of Bunker Hill resulted in very substantial casualties on the part of British forces and gave colonists confidence that there was a chance for future military success and eventual independence, even though the battle itself was won by the well-established British army. Response A is incorrect because the results of the battle did not play a major role in convincing other colonies to join the rebellion. Response B is incorrect because the Revolutionary War's Boston Campaign, of which the Battle of Bunker Hill was a part, actually ended with British forces evacuating Boston and effectively ceding much of New England in March 1776. Response C is incorrect because the battle was a tactical victory for the British, who took possession of the high points of Charlestown, Massachusetts.
36	Answer to question 36	A	Objective 004 Response A is correct because Connecticut was established as a puritan society similar to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and it did not tolerate other religions. Rhode Island, on the other hand, was established as a refuge for religious tolerance. Response B is incorrect because Maryland was established as a refuge for Catholics and had more religious diversity than Virginia, which supported the Anglican Church. Response C is incorrect because Massachusetts was established as a puritan society with limited religious tolerance. Response D is incorrect because Pennsylvania was much more religiously diverse than Georgia.
37	Answer to question 37	A	Objective 004 Response A is correct because one of the most important issues leading up to the American Revolution was self-governance. Response B is incorrect because, rather than demanding reform of the provincial legal system, the colonists were upset that the British government was using their own legal system—namely, a vice-admiralty court—to prosecute smuggling by colonists. Response C is incorrect because colonists protested taxation from Parliament rather than the superiority of Parliament in legislative matters. Response D is incorrect because colonists were not protesting lack of suffrage in local elections; rather, they wanted representation in Parliament.
38	Answer to question 38	B	Objective 005 Response B is correct because Scott v. Sanford set a federal precedent for the movement of enslaved people across state lines based on the view that these people were the enslavers' private property. Responses A, C, and D are incorrect because they are not related to the transportation of enslaved people across state lines, which is the issue brought up in this excerpt.
39	Answer to question 39	C	Objective 005 Response C is correct because the Indian Removal Act of 1830 provided funds and land in the west to incentivize Native Peoples on the east coast to sign away their land rights and move to the west. Response A is incorrect because Native People did not gain citizenship until the twentieth century. Response B is incorrect because the Indian Removal Act applied to Native Peoples in the southeastern United States. Response D is incorrect because it was the Dawes Act of 1887 that dissolved native sovereignty and forced native children into boarding schools.
40	Answer to question 40	B	Objective 005 Response B is correct because the cotton gin enhanced production of cotton by mechanizing the removal of seeds, thus igniting a boom in cotton cultivation in the Deep South, and of the textile industry in southern New England that relied on the raw materials from the Deep South. Response A is incorrect because the transportation network grew very slowly in the Deep South through the entire antebellum period and was not influenced by the invention of the cotton gin. Response C is incorrect because the slavery-based cotton industry in the United States was efficient enough to face little threat of being challenged by imported cotton from India. Response D is incorrect because Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi are where the cotton-based intensification of slavery occurred following the invention and adoption of the cotton gin.
41	Answer to question 41	C	Objective 005 Response C is correct because, although there was some support for gradual emancipation in some southern state legislatures around this time, the fear incited by the rebellion instead pushed lawmakers across the South to enact stricter laws regarding religious gatherings and rights of enslaved people. Response A is incorrect because few people believed in an alliance between African Americans and working-class whites, especially related to Turner's rebellion. Responses B and D are incorrect because, although both statements are true, neither best explains the response from Southerners to the rebellion.
42	Answer to question 42	A	Objective 005 Response A is correct because the coalition of labor union leaders and farmers of the Populist Party aimed to increase citizen representation and power in all levels of government through more direct forms of election and legislation. Response B is incorrect because, while there were other areas in which the party wanted to reduce federal interference, there were also some elements of increased federal oversight on the Populist Party platform. Responses C and D are incorrect because, although they were goals of the Populist Party, they are not best illustrated by this excerpt.
43	Answer to question 43	D	Objective 005 Response D is correct because as federal troops withdrew from the South, Democrats were able to win back political power through increased violence and intimidation of African Americans and began to strip back early successful efforts toward interracial democracy. Response A is incorrect because the plantation system was not restored after the war; rather, it was replaced by the sharecropping system. Response B is incorrect because the withdrawal of federal troops represented the end of the power struggle between Republicans and Democrats. Response C is incorrect because the effects of withdrawal on restoration of the Southern economy were not as impactful as the erosion of civil rights for people of color in the South after Reconstruction.
44	Answer to question 44	A	Objective 005 Response A is correct because many immigrants settled in or near ports of entry like New York City or Baltimore during the late nineteenth century, bringing with them various cultural traditions, including religions like Catholicism. Responses B and C are incorrect because, although many immigrants became workers in factory and agricultural centers, these were not the most impactful changes brought on by this wave of immigration. Response D is incorrect because, although the Republican Party platform of 1860 contained language in favor of immigrant rights and appealed to new citizens, this was not the most impactful effect of this wave of immigration.
45	Answer to question 45	C	Objective 005 Response C is correct because United States intervention in World War I was prompted by Germany’s repeated attempts and hits on maritime vessels, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of U.S. citizens. Responses A, B, and D are incorrect because, although they were all listed in Wilson's Fourteen Points as postwar goals, they are not as directly tied to the primary reason for U.S. intervention in the war.
46	Answer to question 46	D	Objective 006 Response D is correct because the supply-side policies partially enacted by the Reagan and Bush administrations were aimed at encouraging efficiencies in production through lower marginal tax rates combined with an extension of the deregulatory policies begun under President Carter in the 1970s. Response A is incorrect because changes to the tax code were national in scope and not targeted toward any region. Response B is incorrect because, although the U.S. has and had myriad worker training programs, their enhancement was not a particular focus of Reagan and his successors. Response C is incorrect because the Reagan and Bush administrations tended more toward free trade policies, for example initiating in 1987 a pact with Canada that became a precursor to the North American Free Trade Agreement.
47	Answer to question 47	A	Objective 006 Response A is correct because the excerpt provides evidence of an optimism toward science with Harding's expression of confidence that Curie will "unveil the fascinating secrets of nature" and "widen the field of useful knowledge." Response B is incorrect because the excerpt does not provide evidence of a reconciliation between science and religion; rather, it implies that religion and science are not in need of reconciliation with Harding's call to "devout, consecrated men and women" to solve important problems. Response C is incorrect because there are no other specific women mentioned in the excerpt besides Curie. Response D is incorrect because politics is not featured in the text beyond a broad call to "statesmen" to solve important problems.
48	Answer to question 48	D	Objective 006 Response D is correct because the economic boom of the 1920s, fueled in large part by widespread borrowing, had led to overinvestment in some industries and left major sectors of the economy vulnerable to weaknesses in the financial system. The stock market crash precipitated a chain of events that led a year later to the failure of hundreds of banks and the insolvency of many families and businesses that had borrowed from them. Response A is incorrect because the years before the Great Depression were not a time of high or rising corporate taxes. Response B is incorrect because an increase in employment is not consistent with the conditions that prevail in a depression. Response C is incorrect because in the years 1922 through 1929 overall prices in the United States were close to flat, and prices of agricultural commodities were in a period of deflation.
49	Answer to question 49	B	Objective 006 Response B is correct because in 1973, followers of AIM took control of Wounded Knee, a site of symbolic significance due to the 1890 massacre there of Native civilians by U.S. troops. The stated purpose of the occupation was to highlight abuses of the U.S. government toward Native Peoples. Response A is incorrect because declaration by AIM of an independent Oglala Nation ended in defeat after two months. Response C is incorrect because, although the Alcatraz protest preceded and was part of the broader movement of Native Peoples' activism that included the occupation of Wounded Knee, there was no direct connection between the two events. Response D is incorrect because no treaties were renegotiated with the U.S. government because of the occupation of Wounded Knee.
50	Answer to question 50	D	Objective 006 Response D is correct because Truman's decision reflected reports that many Japanese citizens, including women and children, were urged by the emperor to fight to the death if necessary to defend against a U.S. invasion of the home islands, which would have resulted in very many casualties on both sides. Responses A, B, and C are incorrect because, although they were concerns of Truman's, none were used as the primary reason for the decision to use atomic bombs.
51	Answer to question 51	C	Objective 006 Response C is correct because the lunch counter sit-ins by young activists inspired the creation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and the organization of the freedom rides by college students in southern states to register voters and organize for civil rights. Response A is incorrect because participation in the Montgomery bus boycott was not carried out primarily by students. Response B is incorrect because the Little Rock public school crisis concerned young school students but did not involve the participation of college-age students among the protestors, nor did it lead to widespread participation among young school students in the movement more generally. Response D is incorrect because the march from Selma to Montgomery post-dated the student-led lunch counter sit-ins of 1960.
52	Answer to question 52	A	Objective 006 Response A is correct because new government programs like Social Security and Medicare created a social safety net for people living in poverty, vastly expanding the size and scope of government authority in the lives of individuals. Responses B and C are incorrect because racial justice and education were not a part of Roosevelt's New Deal Programs. Response D is incorrect because the emphasis of the New Deal and the Great Society was to provide public services rather than to protect individual rights and freedoms.
53	Answer to question 53	C	Objective 006 Response C is correct because as globalization increased, much of U.S. manufacturing has moved to countries with lower labor costs and reduced barriers to importation. Response A is incorrect because transportation has increased due to globalization's lowered barriers to trade and travel. Response B is incorrect because globalization has not affected the distribution of mineral deposits in the U.S. Response D is incorrect because U.S. agriculture has benefited from increased access to foreign markets as globalization has increased.
54	Answer to question 54	B	Objective 006 Response B is correct because when President Eisenhower took office in 1953, the United States had been involved for two and one-half years in the Korean War, which had begun with an invasion from Communist North Korea into non-Communist South Korea. Response A is incorrect because, although Afghanistan was adjacent to the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union would decades later invade Afghanistan, there was not a conflict on that border at that time. Response C is incorrect because, although the Eisenhower administration was fearful that Burma and Thailand would fall under communist control, there was not a significant conflict at the time of this speech. Response D is incorrect because, although Eisenhower was involved in water dispute negotiations between Pakistan and India, it was not the subject of this speech.
55	Answer to question 55	A	Objective 013 Response A is correct because the Eisenhower administration feared that if countries were to fall under communist rule, these commodities produced by South Korea would become unavailable to the United States and other trade partners. Response B is incorrect because the ideological roots of communism would mostly have served as a motivation for the policies of Communist nations during the Cold War. Response C is incorrect because, although this metaphor was an important rhetorical device in the speech, it is unrelated to an analysis of the motivations of U.S. foreign policy. Response D is incorrect because, although Soviet strategy in terms of geography would have been of interest to the Eisenhower administration, it would not add significant analysis to a historian's work on the motivations of U.S. policy.
56	Answer to question 56	D	Objective 007 Response D is correct because the Red Sea, Bay of Bengal, and South China Sea are correctly identified on the map. Responses A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not correctly identify the bodies of water on the map.
57	Answer to question 57	B	Objective 007 Response B is correct because the Ural Mountains, labeled on the map, form a natural boundary between Europe and Asia. Response A is incorrect because location A marks the approximate place where Eastern Europe meets the rest of Europe, but this does not constitute a border between continents. Response C is incorrect because location C marks the approximate place where the Indian subcontinent meets the rest of Asia, but this does not constitute a border between continents. Response D is incorrect because location D is in the center of Africa and not near any other continent.
58	Answer to question 58	B	Objective 007 Response B is correct because the shaded area is known as the "Ring of Fire," characterized by significant seismic activity due to shifting tectonic plates. Response A is incorrect because, although many coasts in this area and elsewhere are subject to soil erosion, this is not the primary geographic factor affecting most people that live there. Response C is incorrect because although coastal flooding occurs in this area, it is not the primary geographic factor affecting most people that live there. Response D is incorrect because mineral deposits are more likely found in deep waters of the Pacific Ocean or in internal land areas but not necessarily along coastlines.
59	Answer to question 59	C	Objective 007 Response C is correct because the Deccan Plateau is in India and the Khyber Pass is located in Pakistan, which are both on the Indian Subcontinent. Responses A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not contain either the Deccan Plateau or the Khyber Pass.
60	Answer to question 60	B	Objective 007 Response B is correct because Timbuktu's geographic location at the meeting point of the Sahara Desert and Niger River made it an ideal trading nexus. Response A is incorrect because Timbuktu was part of the Mali Empire. Response C is incorrect because Timbuktu did not cultivate and export large amounts of agricultural products. Response D is incorrect because there are no large iron deposits near Timbuktu.
61	Answer to question 61	A	Objective 007 Response A is correct because many European Americans migrated to California during the Gold Rush starting in 1849. Response B is incorrect because southern Florida does not possess many mineral resources. Responses C and D are incorrect because Europeans migrated to New York and Tennessee in the eighteenth century for agricultural opportunities rather than for mineral riches.
62	Answer to question 62	C	Objective 007 Response C is correct because all three countries contain large amounts of desert unsuitable for sustaining large populations. Response A is incorrect because mountain ranges in these countries do not cover as much area as deserts. Response B is incorrect because Saudi Arabia does not experience significant seismic activity associated with tectonic shifts. Response D is incorrect because Saudi Arabia does not have many areas prone to frequent flooding.
63	Answer to question 63	A	Objective 008 Response A is correct because infrastructure such as the Erie Canal and railroad facilitated movement of agricultural projects from rural areas to urban centers for trade and consumption. Response B is incorrect because labor union organization began after c. 1860. Response C is incorrect because the canals and railroads caused urbanization or the shift of people into the cities as opposed to into rural areas. Response D is incorrect because railroad monopolies were not created until after c. 1860.
64	Answer to question 64	D	Objective 008 Response D is correct because the teachings of Islam incorporate numerous elements from the older religions of Judaism and Christianity, starting with the core idea of monotheism. The presence of Christians and Jews in the population of Arabia in the late sixth and early seventh centuries influenced the development of Islam. Response A is incorrect because the physical geography of Arabia, although a severe desert environment that can impede transportation and migration, did not in fact block cultural influences from other regions. Response B is incorrect because there was no prominent road and canal construction initiative in Arabia during the relevant period. Response C is incorrect because the Arabian Peninsula did not experience these developments during the relevant period.
65	Answer to question 65	D	Objective 008 Response D is correct because Pittsburgh is located at the confluence of the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers while St. Louis is located on the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. Response A is incorrect because St. Louis is not located near large deposits of coal. Response B is incorrect because, unlike Chicago, St. Louis is not located at the junction of multiple railroad lines. Response C is incorrect because Pittsburgh and St. Louis are not major agricultural cities.
66	Answer to question 66	C	Objective 008 Response C is correct because the Roman and Ethiopian empires' adoption of Christianity was a key factor in advancing its spread throughout parts of Africa and Europe. Response A is incorrect because Alexander the Great's conquests happened before Christianity was established. Response B is incorrect because the destruction of the second temple in Jerusalem is unconnected to the spread of Christianity. Response D is incorrect because the Jesuit and Franciscan monks did not conduct missionary activities in those areas.
67	Answer to question 67	A	Objective 008 Response A is correct because nutrients left behind after annual flooding created fertile soil for agriculture along rivers in the Eastern Hemisphere. Response B is incorrect because, although rivers benefitted societies in terms of transport and trade, the types of sophisticated societies that derive those benefits came at a later stage of development than the earliest complex societies. Response C is incorrect because grinding mills were not a catalyst for the rise of the earliest complex societies but were a later development. Response D is incorrect because the earliest societies developed as a result of a stable food supply, not as a result of communication, defense, and centralization of authority.
68	Answer to question 68	D	Objective 008 Response D is correct because Japan faced a chronic lack of many essential natural resources, which contributed to their decisions to invade parts of China in the 19 thirties and French Indochina in 1940. These actions in turn provoked the United States into placing an escalating series of trade sanctions on Japan in 1940 and 1941. Most significant was the U.S. embargo of oil to Japan beginning in August 1941, which threatened to cripple the Japanese economy. Response A is incorrect because, until the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, Japan was a major player in the League of Nations. Response B is incorrect because, although global trade collapsed during the 19 thirties , the Japanese economy was not reliant on exports during that time, as it would be in the decades after World War 2 . Response C is incorrect because the territorial expansion that occurred in northeastern Asia in the first one-third of the twentieth century was committed by Japan but not by China.
69	Answer to question 69	B	Objective 008 Response B is correct because the process of cultural diffusion is one in which ideas, beliefs, and behaviors spread from one culture to another through direct contact and interaction among peoples from different backgrounds. In this excerpt, smoking tobacco (a behavior) spread across the globe through specific interactions between groups of people. Response A is incorrect because adaptation is the process of changing to accommodate new environmental factors, and the excerpt describes changing to accommodate social factors rather than environmental factors. Response C is incorrect because acculturation is the process of assimilating to a larger culture, whereas the excerpt describes a behavior from the minority culture changing the dominant culture. Response D is incorrect because simple connection does not explain the transfer of behavior from one group to another.
70	Answer to question 70	D	Objective 009 Response D is correct because central planners in the government generally own or at least control the most important means of production in a command economic system, while in market economies the role of the government is much more limited. Response A is incorrect because both types of systems can struggle with price stability, full employment, and the trade-offs between those two goals. Response B is incorrect because both systems do have an organized system of banking. Response C is incorrect because, although some command systems have resorted to barter to deal with acute shortages of currency and inefficient delivery of consumer goods, this feature is not fundamental to a command or a market economic system.
71	Answer to question 71	B	Objective 009 Response B is correct because as a central bank, the Federal Reserve uses monetary tools to promote its economic goals, including full employment. They do this typically by taking steps to reduce short-term interest rates to encourage borrowing by households and firms and the creation of a higher money supply in the banking system, all of which should stimulate economic growth and employment. Response A is incorrect because the Federal Reserve is not involved in job training programs. Response C is incorrect because the Federal Reserve does not set tax rates and does not collect tax revenues. Response D is incorrect because the Federal Reserve would work to increase the money supply as a remedy for high unemployment.
72	Answer to question 72	A	Objective 009 Response A is correct because the positive Gross Domestic Product growth rate in Year 1 indicates that the output of final goods and services increased in that year. Response B is incorrect because the positive rate of inflation in Year 2 indicates that the price level increased in that year. Response C is incorrect because the number of jobs lost, whether on a net or gross basis, is not knowable from the data given, but the fact that the unemployment rate increased less from Year 2 to Year 3 than it did from Year 1 to Year 2 suggests that more jobs may have been lost during Year 2. Response D is incorrect because the Gross Domestic Product did increase by a small amount in Year 3, which is inconsistent with the ordinary understanding of a recession.
73	Answer to question 73	D	Objective 009 Response D is correct because banks and related institutions function as "financial intermediaries," meaning that they receive money from people and companies who have more money than they need for spending and lend money to people and companies who need more money for spending than they have. Response A is incorrect because banks are private-sector entities that do not have, as their fundamental role, a part in enacting public policy. Response B is incorrect because ensuring secure property rights is a role of the government. Response C is incorrect because currency forms a miniscule part of the much larger supply of money, and the regional and sector-to-sector flows are determined by broader forces than those exercised by banks.
74	Answer to question 74	A	Objective 009 Response A is correct because if consumers expect housing to become more available in the coming years, they should also expect that housing would become more affordable, and therefore some consumers would defer the purchase of new homes during the current year, which would appear in the graphs as a decrease in demand for housing. Response B is incorrect because a decrease in the mortgage interest rate would, all else equal, make borrowing to buy a home more affordable and should lead to an increase in demand for housing. Response C is incorrect because an increase in the price of a substitute good makes the price of the first good seem relatively inexpensive or affordable and thereby lead to an increase in demand for the first good. Response D is incorrect because a decrease in the costs of housing construction would be reflected as an increase, or shift to the right, in the supply curve of housing, and no shift in the demand curve.
75	Answer to question 75	C	Objective 009 Response C is correct because a tariff is a tax imposed on imported goods, which would be intended to and expected to increase the price of the imports. Response A is incorrect because if the tariffs have an effect on the price of domestic goods, it would be in an upward direction. The reason is that domestic producers, facing competition from imports that are now more expensive due to the tariffs, have more room to raise prices without losing market share. Responses B and D are incorrect because the actual cost of producing goods is distinct from the selling price of those goods, and only the latter is affected by the imposition of a tariff.
76	Answer to question 76	A	Objective 009 Response A is correct because the Federal Reserve sees inflation resulting from an overheated economy, so they would act to reduce the rate of economic activity by discouraging bank lending. They have that effect by imposing higher interest rates on banks that borrow from the central bank after they come too close to maximizing their ability to lend money. Response B is incorrect because the Federal Reserve, which does set and enforce a reserve requirement on banks, has actually changed that requirement extremely infrequently. Response C is incorrect because the purchase of government bonds has the effect of increasing banks' reserves and the resulting loans, which is contrary to the goal of addressing inflation. Response D is incorrect because, although the Federal Reserve is one of the entities that can change the margin requirement, this action would not reduce inflation.
77	Answer to question 77	A	Objective 009 Response A is correct because a market economy by definition uses price incentives arising from the forces of supply and demand to answer fundamental questions such as which products will be produced and in what quantities. In command economies, decisions about how to incentivize production are made by central planners in the government. Response B is incorrect because both systems make use of money rather than some alternative like barter. Response C is incorrect because both systems allow or encourage very large enterprises as well as a mix of smaller and medium-sized ones. Response D is incorrect because no systematic differences exist between the types of systems with respect to labor-saving devices.
78	Answer to question 78	C	Objective 010 Response C is correct because John Locke's ideas about popular sovereignty and the origin of a government's power deriving from the people they govern most influenced founding U.S. documents, including this excerpt from the Declaration of Independence. Response A is incorrect because, although Hobbes's ideas influenced the Founders and subsequent founding documents of the United States, this specific excerpt from the Declaration is derived more from Locke's emphasis on popular sovereignty and the Social Contract. Responses B and D are incorrect because, though influential in early founding documents of the United States, the Declaration of Independence was not most heavily influenced by these philosophers.
79	Answer to question 79	C	Objective 010 Response C is correct because smaller states fought against a unicameral legislature whose representative members were based on state population. Including a bicameral legislature, with a Senate in which smaller states had the same amount of representation as larger ones, aimed to appease smaller states in an effort to ratify the Constitution. Responses A, B, and D are incorrect because many state representatives at the Constitutional Conventions, regardless of the size of their state's population or territory, approved of these measures as part of the U.S. Constitution.
80	Answer to question 80	D	Objective 010 Response D is correct because Democratic-Republicans like Jefferson and Madison aimed to limit the powers of the federal government. Response A is incorrect because the Democratic-Republican press was extremely critical of Jay's Treaty, which improved diplomatic relations with Great Britain. Response B is incorrect because Jefferson opposed expansion of the power and authority of the federal court system by Chief Justice John Marshall in the Marbury v. Madison case. Response C is incorrect because Democratic-Republicans supported Jefferson's Louisiana Purchase, which disregarded indigenous land rights.
81	Answer to question 81	C	Objective 010 Response C is correct because the social contract theory posits that popular sovereignty, or power of the people, is the most basic of principles when it comes to a successful and just government. Response A is incorrect because political parties can act to support or dismantle the social contract depending on the beliefs of the party and their alignment with the principles of popular sovereignty. Responses B and D are incorrect because, while being elements supported by some social contract proponents, these statements do not lay the foundation for the theory.
82	Answer to question 82	B	Objective 010 Response B is correct because Voltaire is notable for his staunch support of "freedom of speech" seen in the First Amendment. Response A is incorrect because Wollstonecraft is known for her defense of gender equality. Response C is incorrect because the writings of Beccaria influenced the Eighth Amendment. Response D is incorrect because the writings of Locke influenced the Fourth Amendment.
83	Answer to question 83	C	Objective 010 Response C is correct because these four excerpts emphasize a separation of branches within the British federal government, specifically describing limits on the power of the monarchy. Responses A, B, and D are incorrect because the excerpts do not relate to the right of people to assemble nor to the judicial process.
84	Answer to question 84	A	Objective 010 Response A is correct because federalists believed the government structure under the Articles of Confederation did not allow for enough sharing of power between federal and state governments as seen in the excerpt with "Each state retains its sovereignty." Response B is incorrect because similar language exists in the Constitution regarding interstate agreements. Response C is incorrect because similar language exists in the Constitution regarding the recognition of the "full faith and credit" of each state. Response D is incorrect because the Constitution created a similar process for resolving disputes between states which, unlike the Articles of Confederation, gives that power to the Supreme Court.
85	Answer to question 85	C	Objective 010 Response C is correct because the excerpts provide textual evidence of the principal of rule of law with "frame, such just and equal Laws" and "we promise all due Submission and Obedience." Response A is incorrect because the text does not provide support of individual rights; rather, it provides evidence for collectivism and democracy. Response B is incorrect because the excerpt does not provide evidence of establishing priorities beyond rule of law. Response D is incorrect because the excerpt provides evidence of establishing institutions as opposed to altering them.
86	Answer to question 86	C	Objective 011 Response C is correct because the general idea of checks and balances is that one branch of government can exercise authority that limits the powers of one or both of the other branches. The Supreme Court, the judicial branch, invalidating an order from the president, the executive branch, clearly illustrates this idea. Response A is incorrect because this situation relates to the federal judiciary weighing in on the electoral practices of a state, which is not a different branch of the federal government. Response B is incorrect because this situation does not show one branch of government checking or balancing out another branch; rather, it shows one branch of government acting independently of the other branches. Response D is incorrect because the procedures for amending the U.S. Constitution involve multiple branches of government, and this proposed amendment would change budgetary rules for both the legislative and executive branches without imposing specifically on the executive branch.
87	Answer to question 87	C	Objective 011 Response C is correct because the executive is the frontperson for foreign affairs, the legislative creates regulations and laws, and the judicial checks that policies and lower court decisions are constitutional. Responses A, B, and D are incorrect because at least one branch's powers or duties in each line is incorrect: the executive branch does not govern the District of Columbia, the Executive Cabinet administers federal lands, and Congress establishes rules for naturalization.
88	Answer to question 88	B	Objective 011 Response B is correct because organizing local governments is not a power expressly given to the federal government in the Constitution; therefore, under the Tenth Amendment the power belongs to the states. Responses A, C, and D are incorrect because they describe powers concurrent to the federal government and the states under the Constitution.
89	Answer to question 89	B	Objective 011 Response B is correct because a conference committee is formed if there are any discrepancies between bills passed by both the House and the Senate. Response A is incorrect because determining whether bills should be considered by the full House or Senate is not the role of a conference committee. Response C describes a legislative coalition. Response D is incorrect because a conference committee does not engage in investigations but negotiates compromise between legislative bodies.
90	Answer to question 90	D	Objective 011 Response D is correct because the text describes the process for the executive branch to exercise a veto over the actions of the legislative branch, which is a power distinct to the executive branch. Responses A, B, and C are incorrect because the text does not describe an interaction between branches where distinct powers are exercised by each branch.
91	Answer to question 91	B	Objective 011 Response B is correct because unlike mayors, which are elected with a mandate and agenda, town managers follow the agenda of the town's elected representatives. Response A is incorrect because the town's elected body determines priorities. Response C is incorrect because elected officials often preside over town meetings with their constituents. Response D is incorrect because a town's board of selectmen would oversee the work of the town manager.
92	Answer to question 92	D	Objective 011 Response D is correct because the State department develops relationships with other countries to further U.S. foreign interests through diplomacy. Response A is incorrect because arms control is under the purview of the Departments of Defense and Energy. Response B is incorrect because supporting U.S. military personnel is a role of the Department of Defense. Response C is incorrect because the State Department does not act as a liaison between branches of government; rather, it reports to both.
93	Answer to question 93	D	Objective 012 Response D is correct because whether all presidents should follow Washington's leadership style or not is something people can disagree about without resolution. Response A is incorrect because it is a fact that many of the precedents set by the Washington administration, such as the use of a presidential cabinet, are still followed by modern presidents. Response B is incorrect because it is a fact that Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party was vocally opposed to Jay's Treaty. Response C is incorrect because it is a fact that Washington did not seek a third term as president.
94	Answer to question 94	B	Objective 012 Response B is correct because due process refers to procedural rights afforded to individuals in the justice system, which is shown in the excerpt with its mention of "all criminal prosecutions." Response A is incorrect because the text provides evidence of privacy rights. Response C is incorrect because the Eighth Amendment protects the rights of individuals relating to punishment rather than court procedures. Response D is incorrect because the text provides evidence of federalism.
95	Answer to question 95	C	Objective 012 Response C is correct because activist groups engage in nonviolent direct action as a method to disrupt the daily lives of people in order to gain attention for the issue they advocate for. Response A is incorrect because, while membership may increase as a result of nonviolent action, typically these actions are designed primarily to bring an issue into wider public consciousness. Response B is incorrect because, while some people may be inspired to donate funding to the group upon seeing the action, this is not typically the primary goal of nonviolent direct action. Response D is incorrect because nonviolent action itself is not a means of investigation, although a particular action may be designed to advocate for a government body to investigate wrongdoing through raising awareness and applying public pressure.
96	Answer to question 96	A	Objective 012 Response A is correct because representatives for special interest groups will often provide testimony to Congress during information gathering sessions that shape the direction of potential legislation. Response B is incorrect because special interest groups do not play a role in the selection of committees in which bills are considered. Response C is incorrect because the determination of a debate schedule is done by House and Senate leaders. Response D is incorrect because a conference committee between the House and Senate conducts negotiations when drafting compromise legislation.
97	Answer to question 97	B	Objective 012 Response B is correct because it is illegal to evade paying taxes and it is a civic responsibility, though not a requirement, to vote for policies and representatives in elections. Responses A, C, and D are incorrect because it is a responsibility to understand your rights as a citizen, it is legal to be disrespectful (to a point) of others' views, and obeying the law is an obligation.
98	Answer to question 98	A	Objective 012 Response A is correct because the Seventeenth Amendment changed the process of electing senators from one wherein state legislatures elected senators to one where citizens directly elect senators. Response B is incorrect because there is no evidence in the text related to political parties. Response C is incorrect because there is no evidence in the text related to granting suffrage rights to individuals who could not vote at the time. Response D is incorrect because evidence in the excerpt supports the opposite effect: the Seventeenth Amendment eliminated the role of state legislatures in the process of electing senators.
99	Answer to question 99	A	Objective 013 Response A is correct because a political science approach often focuses on political parties, factions, and government institutions. Response B is incorrect because an economist would ask a question related to the effects of commercial activity. Response C is incorrect because a geographer would ask questions related to region, place, and topography. Response D is incorrect because a sociologist would ask questions related to social causes and effects of events.
100	Answer to question 100	D	Objective 013 Response D is correct because the poster perpetuates and relies on assumptions about typical gender roles and traditional masculinity to convince young men to sign up for military service. Response A is incorrect because while the poster could be used as part of a broader analysis of change in wartime propaganda over time, it does not offer any evidence on its own. Response B is incorrect because the poster does not offer any relevant evidence of social change due to the dated use of sexism as a recruitment tool. Response C is incorrect because the poster was not created to recruit women to the Navy but rather to convince young men to enlist.
Total Correct:	Total Correct	Review your results against the test objectives.

Open Responses, Sample Responses, and Analyses

Question Number	Your Response Read about how your responses are scored and how to evaluate your practice responses
101	Answer to 101 Open Response Item Assignment #1 For each assignment, you may type your written response on the assigned topic in the box provided. Essay Response Field
First Sample Weak Response (show sample responsehide sample response)	First Sample Weak Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #1 Source 1 and 2 were used as Communist propaganda to convince the Chinese people to accept The Great Leap Forward. The Communist Party was trying to imitate the Soviet Union switching to an industrialized country. The newspaper article in The People's Daily says China must transition like the USSR from a "backward agricultural nation into an industrial power of the world." The writer claims that for China to become truly a socialist state, it needs industries. Lenin is quoted throughout the article because he was a socialist influencer and adds credibility. Lenin saw China becoming a "stallion in mechanized industry" that would be like the USSR "in defeating German fascist aggression and in constituting itself the strong bastion of world peace today." The poster in Source 2 shows the Chinese people how happy and successful the Chinese are seven years after the article in The People's Daily. Every person in the poster is smiling and healthy. It was important to communicate and indicate how quickly change came to China under collectivization, with all the people working together, men, women, soldiers, and farmers. There was truly an industrial revolution. This was due to the Chinese people taking Lenin's advice.
First Weak Response Analysis (show response analysishide response analysis)	Analysis of First Weak Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #1 This is an example of a weak response because it is characterized by the following: Purpose: The purpose of the assignment is partially achieved. Although "switching to an industrialized country" was a goal of the Great Leap Forward, this claim does not indicate why China was switching or what it was switching from. Analysis of the sources is similarly partial. The response accurately characterizes the sources as "Communist propaganda" and notes that their purpose was "to convince the Chinese people to accept the Great Leap Forward." However, it is simplistic to claim that the article is credible simply because it quotes Lenin. The third paragraph seems to forget that the poster is propaganda and reads the "smiling and healthy" people as sufficient proof that the Great Leap Forward was an unqualified success. Subject Matter Knowledge: There is a limited application of subject matter knowledge. Characterizing Lenin as a "socialist influencer" is anachronistic and simplistic, and the response attributes to Lenin ideas and sentiments that he could not possibly have had. The third paragraph reveals a limited knowledge of the outcomes of the Great Leap Forward. Support: The supporting evidence is limited. Some support from the article is provided, but it is limited by misquotation and misrepresentation. No evidence from the poster is examined apart from the claim that the people depicted are "smiling and healthy." Rationale: The response reflects a limited, poorly reasoned understanding of the topic. The second paragraph is largely a summary of Chi Yun's article. The quotation in the first sentence is potentially useful for illustrating the article's central idea, but we are not told that this is what the quotation is meant to do. In other sentences, it is not clear what is being asserted. In the first sentence of the third paragraph, for example, what is the claim—that the poster shows the Chinese how happy they themselves are?
Second Sample Weak Response (show sample responsehide sample response)	Second Sample Weak Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #1 The goal of the Great Leap Forward is provided in the title of Source #1 which is "How China Proceeds with the Task of Industrialization." It compares "this period of transition to the industrialization of the state" to "the period of transition of the revolution toward the fight for political power." The newspaper article uses the Soviet Union as an example of how to industrialize. Although the article is from the official newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party, it says "The foundation of socialism is large industrial development." The goals of the Great Leap Forward seem to go from communism to socialism. It also says there must be a "socialist reform of agriculture." The article ends by saying that "only with industrialization of the state may we guarantee our economic independence and nonreliance on imperialism." Source #2 is a state-sponsored poster which says in the context, "Strongly support the movement to increase production and practice conservation of steel and foodstuffs!" The people are happy moving forward because they have accomplished the goals of the Great Leap Forward. The Communist Party has sponsored the Chinese people, giving them steel, grain, tools, guns, and books. Because of these state-sponsored gifts, the Chinese people welcomed the transition. Both sources are from the time of the Great Leap Forward, so they give us a good understanding of what was happening in China and Soviet Union at the time.
Second Weak Response Analysis (show response analysishide response analysis)	Analysis of Second Weak Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #1 This is an example of a weak response because it is characterized by the following: Purpose: The purpose of the assignment is partially achieved. In lieu of a precise, knowledgeable claim, the response quotes the title of Source 1, which tells only a fraction of the story. What is involved in the task of industrialization? How long has China been engaged in this task? Why did China undertake industrialization? These questions are not considered. The second paragraph notes that the poster is "state-sponsored" but fails to recognize it as propaganda and thus fails to consider either its point of view or its credibility. Subject Matter Knowledge: There is a limited application of subject matter knowledge. From the beginning, the response relies heavily on quotation and summary; the candidate seems to have difficulty discussing the goals of the Great Leap Forward in their own words. The sentence that begins "Although" suggests that the candidate sees communism and socialism as competing systems. Support: The supporting evidence is limited. Source 1 is quoted, but the quotations are not always used as evidence to support claims. The second paragraph considers some evidence from the poster—the steel, grain, and tools—but misreads these things as gifts from the Chinese government. Rationale: The response reflects a limited, poorly reasoned understanding of the topic. In the first paragraph, the two sentences beginning "It compares" and "The article ends" merely quote the source without making any claim about it. In other sentences, it is not clear what is being claimed. What is meant by the claim that the goals of the Great Leap Forward seem "to go from" communism to socialism? Does this mean that the goals encompass both communism and socialism? That they oscillate between communism and socialism? Or that China abandoned one and adopted the other?
First Sample Strong Response (show sample responsehide sample response)	First Sample Strong Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #1 The Great Leap Forward was the Second Five-Year Plan of Chairman Mao Zedong. Through rapid industrialization and the collectivization of agriculture, Mao hoped to achieve "economic independence and nonreliance on imperialism." Historically, China had suffered under imperialism. Western nations, particularly Great Britain, had introduced opium and subjected China to unfair trade practices. As state propaganda, both sources were meant to create enthusiasm for the Great Leap Forward. Chi Yun, writing in The People's Daily, is not an independent voice but a spokesperson for the Communist Party. Chi Yun repeatedly uses the collective "we," effectively equating the Party's goals with those of the Chinese people. When Chi Yun says, "We must construct large industries," the purpose is to discourage questioning and win support for Mao's policies. Chi Yun compares this period of transition to the modernization of the Soviet Union. The implication is that by following the Soviet Union's lead, China too can transform itself from "a backward agricultural nation into a first-class industrial power of the world." Chi Yun accepts without question Lenin's belief that large industry was a necessary precondition for socialism. "Numerous facts" support this belief, Chi Yun claims, but no facts are provided. Posters were an effective means of spreading propaganda to the illiterate. This poster emphasizes the need to increase production of grain and steel. It depicts a cross-section of Chinese society marching toward a socialist future. All occupations are valorized, including the agricultural workers who produce grain and the industrial workers who produce steel. The armed soldier, who suggests the need for a strong military, holds what is probably Mao's Little Red Book, symbolically uniting all sectors of society under Communist ideology. Sadly, the Great Leap Forward was a failure. Millions died as a result of poor planning, famine, forced labor, and executions. Collectivization caused agricultural stagnation and poor harvests. The poster's caption refers to "conservation of foodstuffs," which suggests that in 1960 there was a concern about starvation.
First Strong Response Analysis (show response analysishide response analysis)	Analysis of First Strong Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #1 This is an example of a strong response because it is characterized by the following: Purpose: The purpose of the assignment is fully achieved. A precise, knowledgeable claim about the goals of the Great Leap Forward is stated in the second sentence of the first paragraph. Analysis of the sources begins in the second paragraph with the observation that both sources are state propaganda—that is, that they present the point of view of the Chinese Communist Party. The credibility of the first source is questioned when the third paragraph notes that Chi Yun fails to provide facts. The purpose and central idea of the poster is discussed in the fourth paragraph. Subject Matter Knowledge: There is a substantial application of subject matter knowledge, for example, in the context provided in the first paragraph (that the Great Leap Forward was the Second Five-Year Plan, that China suffered under imperialism, that the West had introduced opium), in the reference to the Little Red Book, and in the discussion in the last paragraph of the results of the Great Leap Forward. Support: The supporting evidence is sound. Specific examples support the claim that China suffered under imperialism. The response considers the significance of details from each source, such as Chi Yun's use of the collective "we" and the various occupations represented on the poster. Rationale: The response reflects an ably reasoned, comprehensive understanding of the topic. The response draws distinctions (Chi Yun "is not an independent voice but rather a spokesperson for the Communist Party"), notes comparisons, and considers implied as well as explicit meanings. The claim that the workers on the poster are symbolically united under Communist ideology is a nuanced reading of textual detail that reflects the response's argument as a whole.
Second Sample Strong Response (show sample responsehide sample response)	Second Sample Strong Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #1 Mao Zedong wanted to transform China from an agricultural nation to an industrial nation with a socialist economy. As state propaganda, Chi Yun's article and the poster are credible sources for the official point of view of the Chinese Communist Party, but the idealized picture they paint of Mao's policies is questionable. In the Great Leap Forward, China took the Soviet Union as its model. As Lenin had, Chi Yun sees industrialization as the key to a modern nation. He admires the Soviet Union for its ability to turn "a backward agricultural nation" into a modern industrial power. Following that model, China too would achieve "economic independence and nonreliance on imperialism." It would be able to defend itself against foreign aggression and would no longer be beholden to industrialized powers. Chi Yun idealizes the Soviet Union, calling it a "bastion of world peace" and ignoring the terror of Stalin's rule. China had a low literacy rate in 1960, making posters an important mode of communication. It was necessary to convince peasants to accept the socialist reform of agriculture, as they would be required to relinquish their land to the collective farms. The poster illustrates Mao's goals, emphasizing the importance of agricultural production (the woman holding aloft the sheaf of grain) and industrial production (the man with the wrench front and center, leading the parade). Initially, the Great Leap Forward failed. Just as in the Soviet Union, collectivized agriculture could not produce enough to feed the developing industrial complex, leading to mass famine. Also, a largely illiterate population was unable to provide the technical skills needed for industry. Ironically, given the goal of "nonreliance on imperialism," Mao's goals would only be realized after Nixon's trip to China in the 19 seventies , which opened diplomatic and trade relations.
Second Strong Response Analysis (show response analysishide response analysis)	Analysis of Second Strong Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #1 This is an example of a strong response because it is characterized by the following: Purpose: The purpose of the assignment is fully achieved. A precise, knowledgeable claim about the goals of the Great Leap Forward is stated in the first sentence. Analysis of the sources begins in the second sentence with the discussion of credibility and point of view. Analysis continues in the second paragraph with a discussion of the central idea of Source 1. The third paragraph addresses the purpose and central idea of Source 2. Subject Matter Knowledge: There is a substantial application of subject matter knowledge, for example, in the discussion of Stalinist terror, the reasons for the failure of the Great Leap Forward, and the claim about Nixon's trip to China. Support: The supporting evidence is sound. The second paragraph uses a variety of concise quotations not only to support its claims but to develop them: note how the response seizes on the phrase "bastion of world peace" to introduce a discussion of Stalin, further showcasing the candidate's subject matter knowledge. The third paragraph points to specific figures depicted on the poster, assigning each a symbolic significance. Rationale: The response reflects an ably reasoned, comprehensive understanding of the topic. To the question of whether or not the sources are credible, the answer is not a simple yes or no but is instead carefully qualified. The organization of the response also conveys rationale. The second paragraph focuses on the goal of industrialization, while the third paragraph focuses on the collectivization of agriculture. The fourth paragraph follows through on the preceding paragraphs by considering the results of each of these goals.
102	Answer to 102 Open-Response Item Assignment #2 For each assignment, you may type your written response on the assigned topic in the box provided. Essay Response Field
First Sample Weak Response (show sample responsehide sample response)	First Sample Weak Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #2 At the start of the Twentieth Century, the Supreme Court made rulings that had a large effect on women's rights in the workplace. In a short fifteen years, the Supreme Court flipped its point of view about women in the workplace. It went from denying them rights to awarding them rights, starting with the minimum wage. In the 1908 case Muller v. Oregon, women's hours of work were restricted because they were weaker, less educated, and needed special care from the courts because "she was in a struggle for subsistence." The court did not think that women should work more than ten hours a day. The court placed her "in a class by herself." She received legislation "even when like legislation is not necessary for men" because "He, man, established his control at the outset by superior physical strength." In 1920 "revolutionary" changes had happened which gave women the right to vote, and other rights followed. The 1923 case Adkins v. Children's Hospital provided a fixed minimum wage for women and children. Though they were still not considered equal to men on the job because of physical differences, they could no longer be "subjected to restrictions upon their liberty of contact." Women were "emancipated from the old doctrine" and were now free to have contractual and civil relationships.
First Weak Response Analysis (show response analysishide response analysis)	Analysis of First Weak Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #2 This is an example of a weak response because it is characterized by the following: Purpose: The purpose of the assignment is partially achieved. Although it is accurate to claim that the Supreme Court "flipped its point of view," what is meant by "denying them rights" and "awarding them rights" is unclear. Didn't the court see the Muller decision as a way to protect women's rights, rather than deny them? The analysis of Source 1 addresses a central idea but pays little attention to point of view or credibility. Did women need special care from the courts, or were they merely perceived as needing it? This simple change in phrasing would have told us something about the point of view. Subject Matter Knowledge: There is a limited application of subject matter knowledge. Most egregiously, the response claims that Adkins "provided a fixed minimum wage for women," when the Adkins decision in fact decided that such a law was unconstitutional. The response also claims that "The court did not think that women should work more than ten hours a day," which shows a misunderstanding of the source. It was the state of Oregon that thought that women shouldn't work more than ten hours; the Court's job was, rather, to decide whether the Oregon law was constitutional. Support: The supporting evidence is limited. Quotations from the sources, though copious, are not always made relevant. No explanation is given, for example, as to what it means for the Court to place woman "in a class by herself." The response also quotes the source as saying that "she was in a struggle for subsistence," which is a misquotation that takes the original words out of context and alters their meaning. Rationale: The response reflects a limited, poorly reasoned understanding of the topic. While the response is not incorrect to argue that "other rights followed" in the wake of the Nineteenth Amendment, it wrongly identifies what those other rights were. The quotations at the end of the last paragraph are thus given a meaning contrary to their original meaning.
Second Sample Weak Response (show sample responsehide sample response)	Second Sample Weak Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #2 The sources given are both credible because they are Supreme Court decisions about the rights of women in the workplace. They are similar because they are both about making jobs better for women. They are different because they look at the "inequality of the sexes" differently, and one is from Oregon and the other is from the District of Columbia. The Muller decision says "no female (shall) be employed in any mechanical establishment, or factory, or laundry in this State more than ten hours during any one day." It also says that the courts need to protect her rights when it says "some legislation to protect her seems necessary to secure a real equality of right." The Adkins decision says that women would not be able to receive a federal minimum wage. Now they were considered equal to men on the job. Women were emancipated from special treatment by the Supreme Court and factories. It says that "The ancient inequality of the sexes" is diminishing but it also adds that "the physical differences (between men and women) must be recognized in appropriate cases." Both of the Supreme Court opinions are good for women's rights because Muller gave them protection by limiting their work hours and the Adkins decision declared that women have equality in the workplace, so it shows an advance from the Muller decision.
Second Weak Response Analysis (show response analysishide response analysis)	Analysis of Second Weak Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #2 This is an example of a weak response because it is characterized by the following: Purpose: The purpose of the assignment is partially achieved. The claim that both sources are credible because they are Supreme Court decisions simply dodges the question. In lieu of a precise, knowledgeable claim, the response presents vague similarities and differences. The response comes closer to a precise, knowledgeable claim in the last paragraph, but simply to claim that both decisions were "good for women's rights" neglects the shift in the Court's thinking in the intervening years. Subject Matter Knowledge: There is a limited application of subject matter knowledge. The Court was not interested in "making jobs better" but in deciding whether the laws were constitutional. Perhaps most importantly, the response neglects the role that the Nineteenth Amendment played in these two decisions. Support: The supporting evidence is limited. Source 1 is represented by two quotations, the first of which is drawn not from the Muller decision itself but from the Oregon statute. What remains of this paragraph is inadequate for the purpose of conveying the Court's reasoning for its decision or for evaluating the point of view and credibility. Rationale: The response reflects a limited, poorly reasoned understanding of the topic. The discussion of the two sources consists largely of quotations; there is very little reasoning. "Now they were considered equal to men on the job" is a simplistic claim that needs qualification, as does the claim that the Adkins decision "shows an advance from the Muller decision."
First Sample Strong Response (show sample responsehide sample response)	First Sample Strong Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #2 These decisions reflect a shift in the Supreme Court's thinking as it concerned women's rights in the workplace. Muller v. Oregon, which preserved special protections for women, was written in 1908, before women won the vote in 1920. The impact of the Nineteenth Amendment is evident in the Adkins decision of 1923. Adkins contradicts Muller, reflecting the new "trend in legislation" that women should not "be given special protection or be subjected to special restraint in her contractual and civil relationships." Muller limited women to a ten-hour workday. While the decision argues that a woman needs "especial care that her rights may be preserved," it does so on the premise that a woman is like a minor and "not an equal competitor with her brother." On the surface, Muller seems to protect women's rights in the workplace. Actually, it stripped women of an even more fundamental right to make their own decisions about the conditions they would work under. The reason given for limiting women's "contractual rights" is that "there is that in her disposition…which will operate against a full assertion of those rights." This prejudicial view sees women as incapable of making their own contracts. Adkins struck down another act designed to provide women with special protections--namely, a fixed minimum wage. While both decisions acknowledge a physical difference between men and women, the 1923 decision argued that "the contractual, political and civil status of women" was advancing. Adkins rejects the prejudice that women are incapable of setting their own contracts and asserts that any restrictions on their right to do so cannot be "lawfully imposed" unless such restrictions also apply to men. In just fifteen years, the Supreme Court came to recognize that the differences between men and women had "come almost, if not quite, to the vanishing point." In reality, however, many women today continue to earn less than men for doing the same work.
First Strong Response Analysis (show response analysishide response analysis)	Analysis of First Strong Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #2 This is an example of a strong response because it is characterized by the following: Purpose: The purpose of the assignment is fully achieved. A precise, knowledgeable claim is stated in the first paragraph, which tells us not only that the Supreme Court's thinking shifted but why it shifted and what the shift entailed. The second paragraph addresses Muller's central idea and an ostensible purpose—"to protect women's rights in the workplace." The remainder of the paragraph alleges that its success in achieving that purpose was compromised by its point of view ("This prejudicial view"). Subject Matter Knowledge: There is a substantial application of subject matter knowledge. The response understands the role the Nineteenth Amendment played in the Adkins decision. The fourth paragraph places the decisions in broad historical context. Support: The supporting evidence is sound. Although quotations from the two decisions appear throughout the response, the focus remains on the candidate's own argument. Quotations are not used merely to supplement a summary of the two decisions; rather, an attentive ear to the implications of the language of the text ("there is that in her disposition") has led the candidate to the conclusion that the Muller decision reflects a "prejudicial view." Rationale: The response reflects an ably reasoned, comprehensive understanding of the topic. The first paragraph walks us carefully through the Supreme Court's shift in thinking, from Muller to the impact of the Nineteenth Amendment to Adkins. A number of careful qualifications and distinctions enrich the response: although Muller seems to protect women's rights, in fact it doesn't; although the Supreme Court evolved in its thinking, in fact women continue to earn less than men.
Second Sample Strong Response (show sample responsehide sample response)	Second Sample Strong Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #2 Despite their stated intentions, early twentieth-century Supreme Court decisions had unanticipated adverse consequences for women's rights in the workplace. The Muller v. Oregon decision of 1908 limited women to a ten-hour workday "in any mechanical establishment, or factory, or laundry" in Oregon. This decision, decided by an all-male Supreme Court, was based upon prevailing notions of women's physical and mental abilities, such as that she required "especial care" and was not "an equal competitor with her brother." Although explicitly "designed for her protection," this decision left certain categories of women unprotected. The opinion did not consider other jobs women depended on and that might require a longer workday, such as domestic help or seamstresses. Also, women whose husbands (the primary wage earners) had been killed or crippled on the job would be prevented from working more than ten hours to provide for themselves or their families. Where Muller effectively codified inequality between the sexes, the Supreme Court's decision of 1923 seemed to grant women a legal status equal to men. Adkins v. Children's Hospital contradicted Muller by claiming that changes to women's status (in particular, the changes following from the 19th Amendment granting suffrage) eliminated the need for special protection for women. Women were, therefore, not constitutionally entitled to a federal minimum wage in that their "contractual, political, and civil status" was now similar to that of men. Although this seems like a step forward for women, Adkins too had its adverse consequences, as it allowed employers to exploit women by paying them a lower wage than men for the same job. While ostensibly granting equality to women, Adkins did nothing to correct the pay disparity (which continues today) between women and men.
Second Strong Response Analysis (show response analysishide response analysis)	Analysis of Second Strong Response to Open-Response Item Assignment #2 This is an example of a strong response because it is characterized by the following: Purpose: The purpose of the assignment is fully achieved. A precise, knowledgeable claim is stated in the first sentence. The central idea of Source 1 is addressed in the second sentence, and its point of view is addressed in the third sentence. The central idea of Source 2 is addressed in the second paragraph. The claim that Adkins "contradicted" Muller addresses both the purpose and point of view. Subject Matter Knowledge: There is a substantial application of subject matter knowledge. This is evident in the discussions of the women left unprotected in the first paragraph and the ongoing pay disparity in the second paragraph. Support: The supporting evidence is sound. Quotations from the sources are succinct and effective, notably the two quotations from Muller that support the claim about the Court's "prevailing notions" of women's abilities. Multiple examples are drawn from other sources as well—the domestic help and seamstresses, the killed and crippled husbands, and the exploitative employers. Rationale: The response reflects an ably reasoned, comprehensive understanding of the topic. Each of the paragraphs follows through on the claim in the first sentence, demonstrating in turn both the "stated intentions" and the "adverse consequences" of each of the two decisions.
Review the Performance Characteristics and Score Scale for Written Performance Assignments.

Multiple Choice Question
Practice Test Evaluation Chart

In the evaluation chart that follows, the multiple-choice questions are arranged in numerical order and by test objective. Check your responses against the correct responses provided to determine how many questions within each objective you answered correctly.

Subarea 1 : World History

Objective 0001: Apply knowledge of major political, economic, social, cultural, and technological developments in world history to approximately the mid-fourteenth century C E .

Question Number	Your Response	Correct Response
1		B
2		B
3		A
4		C
5		D
6		D
7		B
8		D

Total Correct for Objective 1 out of 8

Objective 0002: Apply knowledge of major political, economic, social, cultural, and technological developments in the early modern world (from approximately the mid-fourteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century C E ).

Question Number	Your Response	Correct Response
9		D
10		A
11		C
12		A
13		A
14		B
15		C
16		D

Total Correct for Objective 2 out of 8

Objective 0003: Apply knowledge of major political, economic, social, cultural, and technological developments in modern world history.

Question Number	Your Response	Correct Response
17		D
18		C
19		B
20		B
21		B
22		B
23		B
25		B
27		C

Total Correct for Objective 3 out of 9

Subarea 1 (Objectives 0001–0003) Total Total Correct for Subarea 1 out of 25

Subarea 2 : U.S. History

Objective 0004: Apply knowledge of major political, economic, social, and cultural developments in the history of North America prior to 1789.

Question Number	Your Response	Correct Response
30		A
31		D
32		D
33		A
34		C
35		D
36		A
37		A

Total Correct for Objective 4 out of 8

Objective 0005: Apply knowledge of major political, economic, social, and cultural developments in the history of the United States from 1789 to 1918.

Question Number	Your Response	Correct Response
38		B
39		C
40		B
41		C
42		A
43		D
44		A
45		C

Total Correct for Objective 5 out of 8

Objective 0006: Apply knowledge of major political, economic, social, and cultural developments in the history of the United States from 1918 to the present.

Question Number	Your Response	Correct Response
46		D
47		A
48		D
49		B
50		D
51		C
52		A
53		C
54		B

Total Correct for Objective 6 out of 9

Subarea 2 (Objectives 0004–0006) Total Total Correct for Subarea 2 out of 25

Subarea 3 : World Geography and Economics

Objective 0007: Apply knowledge of physical and human geography across the following regions: Western Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, North America, Central America, Caribbean Islands, South America, Central and South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.

Question Number	Your Response	Correct Response
56		D
57		B
58		B
59		C
60		B
61		A
62		C

Total Correct for Objective 7 out of 7

Objective 0008: Apply knowledge of the relationship between geography and culture across the following regions: Western Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, North America, Central America, Caribbean Islands, South America, Central and South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.

Question Number	Your Response	Correct Response
26		A
28		A
63		A
64		D
65		D
66		C
67		A
68		D
69		B

Total Correct for Objective 8 out of 9

Objective 0009: Apply knowledge of concepts and principles of economics.

Question Number	Your Response	Correct Response
70		D
71		B
72		A
73		D
74		A
75		C
76		A
77		A

Total Correct for Objective 9 out of 8

Subarea 3 (Objectives 0007–0009) Total Total Correct for Subarea 3 out of 24

Subarea 4 : Civic Life and Government

Objective 0010: Apply knowledge of the origin of constitutional government in the United States.

Question Number	Your Response	Correct Response
78		C
79		C
80		D
81		C
82		B
83		C
84		A
85		C

Total Correct for Objective 10 out of 8

Objective 0011: Apply knowledge of the purposes, principles, and institutions of U.S. and Massachusetts state and local government.

Question Number	Your Response	Correct Response
86		C
87		C
88		B
89		B
90		D
91		B
92		D

Total Correct for Objective 11 out of 7

Objective 0012: Apply knowledge of civic life and the rights and responsibilities of citizenship in the United States.

Question Number	Your Response	Correct Response
93		D
94		B
95		C
96		A
97		B
98		A

Total Correct for Objective 12 out of 6

Objective 0013: Apply knowledge of the guiding principles and instructional practices of effective history and social science education.

Question Number	Your Response	Correct Response
24		B
29		D
55		A
99		A
100		D

Total Correct for Objective 13 out of 5

Subarea 4 (Objectives 0010–0013) Total Total Correct for Subarea 4 out of 26

Practice Test Score Calculation

The practice test score calculation is provided so that you may better gauge your performance and degree of readiness to take an MTEL test at an operational administration. Although the results of this practice test may be used as one indicator of potential strengths and weaknesses in your knowledge of the content on the official test, it is not possible to predict precisely how you might score on an official MTEL test.

The Sample Responses and Analyses for the open-response items may help you determine whether your responses are more similar to the strong or weak samples. The Scoring Rubric can also assist in estimating a score for your open responses. You may also wish to ask a mentor or teacher to help evaluate your responses to the open-response questions prior to calculating your total estimated score.

How to Calculate Your Practice Test Score

Review the directions in the sample below and then use the blank practice test score calculation worksheet to calculate your estimated score.

Multiple-Choice Section

Enter the total number of multiple-choice questions you answered correctly:

Use Table 1 below to convert that number to the score and write your score in Box A:

195

Open-Response Section

Enter the number of points (1 to 4) for your first open-response question:

Enter the number of points (1 to 4) for your second open-response question:

Add those two numbers (Number of open-response question points):

Use Table 2 below to convert that number to the score and write your score in Box B:

Total Practice Test Score (Estimated MTEL Score)

Add the numbers in Boxes A and B for an estimate of your MTEL score:

A + B =

243

Practice Test Score Calculation Worksheet: History/Social Science (73)

Table 1:

Number of Multiple-Choice Questions Correct	Estimated MTEL Score
0 to 25	131
26 to 30	138
31 to 35	145
36 to 40	152
41 to 45	160
46 to 50	167
51 to 55	174
56 to 60	181
61 to 65	188
66 to 70	195
71 to 75	202
76 to 80	209
81 to 85	216
86 to 90	223
91 to 95	230
96 to 100	237

Table 2:

Number of Open-Response Question Points	Estimated MTEL Score
2	36
3	40
4	44
5	48
6	52
7	56
8	60

Use the form below to calculate your estimated practice test score.

Multiple-Choice Section

Enter the total number of multiple-choice questions you answered correctly:

total correct

Use Table 1 above to convert that number to the score and write your score in Box A:

estimated multiple-choice score